Visualization & Imagery

What is Vajrasattva Purification?

Vajrasattva Purification is a Tibetan Buddhist visualization meditation that uses imagery of purifying nectar and a four-part structure of remorse and resolve to work with regret and moral renewal.

Experiential Practice

Last Updated

4 Jul 2026

We are still reviewing this page. Our research team checks every technique page for accuracy and evidence quality before final release. Details may change as that review completes. The evidence badge shows our current reading of the published research.

RECOMMENDED DOSE

How Much Vajrasattva Purification Should You Practice?

No direct dose-response literature exists for this technique. This is a conservative introductory range based on general practice conventions for mantra and visualization meditation, designed to build a sustainable habit. No direct dose evidence; editorial synthesis.

No direct dose-response literature exists for this technique. This step up reflects typical established meditation practice conventions once a routine is comfortable. No direct dose evidence; editorial synthesis.

No direct dose-response literature exists for this technique. This maintenance level reflects common conventions for committed contemplative practice and traditional daily recitation formats. No direct dose evidence; editorial synthesis.

Session length

Session length: 10–15 minutes

MIN

How long each individual practice session should last from start to finish.

Frequency

Frequency: 3–4 days

DAYS

The number of days per week to fit a session into your routine.

Session length

Session length: 20–30 minutes

MIN

How long each individual practice session should last from start to finish.

Frequency

Frequency: 5–6 days

DAYS

The number of days per week to fit a session into your routine.

Session length

Session length: 30–45 minutes

MIN

How long each individual practice session should last from start to finish.

Frequency

Frequency: 7 days

DAYS

The number of days per week to fit a session into your routine.

About this card. No direct dose-response literature exists for Vajrasattva Purification; the available references do not address this technique, so all guidance here is editorial synthesis based on general meditation practice conventions and should be treated as starting points only. These recommendations are not a substitute for personalised guidance from a qualified practitioner.

Related Techniques to Vajrasattva Purification

Guru Yoga

Forgiveness Visualization

Common questions about Vajrasattva Purification

Quick answers to what people most often ask. Each card links to the deeper section below.

evidence

What does the research say about Vajrasattva Purification?

No controlled trials have tested Vajrasattva Purification on any outcome, so no benefits are confirmed for this specific practice. The support that exists is indirect, drawn from Tibetan Buddhist tradition and psychology research on self-forgiveness and confession, plus broader studies of visualization and focused-attention meditation examining similar mental processes rather than this protocol.

good for

Who is Vajrasattva Purification good for?

Vajrasattva Purification may suit people drawn to the Tibetan Buddhist tradition and anyone wanting a structured way to work with regret, guilt, or the wish to make amends. No population has been formally studied, and it is not a substitute for care for anxiety, mood, sleep, or trauma.

safety

Is Vajrasattva Purification safe?

Most healthy adults find Vajrasattva Purification low-risk, though it deliberately raises remorse, so guilt, shame, tears, or restlessness can surface, usually mild and settling into lightness. People with trauma, active addiction, acute depression, or complicated grief should ease in gradually alongside a teacher or therapist. No safety data exist for this specific practice.

how it works

How does Vajrasattva Purification work?

Vajrasattva Purification works by holding a detailed image while reciting a mantra, a demanding dual task that anchors a wandering, worried mind. Deliberately generating remorse and then imagining it washed away may support decentering, watching guilt as a passing state, and affective release, letting a difficult emotion move through rather than stay suppressed. These mechanisms are plausible, not measured.

For clinicians, researchers, and curious readers

What's in a session?

How does it work?

What does it do to the body?

What is it used for?

What does the research say?

Where does it come from?

Is it safe?Who should practise with care?How to practise safely?

How does it compare?

What does a Vajrasattva Purification session involve?

Vajrasattva Purification is a Tibetan Buddhist visualization meditation that uses imagery of purifying nectar and a four-part structure of remorse and resolve to work with regret and moral renewal.

The practice moves through the Four Opponent Powers in sequence. First is the power of support: visualizing the white figure of Vajrasattva seated above the crown. Second is the power of remorse: genuinely regretting past harm. Third is the power of the antidote: reciting the 100-syllable mantra while imagining luminous nectar flowing down and flushing negativities out as black smoke and liquid. Fourth is the power of resolve: committing to refrain from future harm. It pairs sustained imagery with mantra recitation and is often repeated toward 100,000 times as a ngondro preliminary, though it is also practiced on its own.

Vajrasattva Purification is not a purely visual exercise. Its emotional core, genuine remorse and heartfelt aspiration, is central and sets it apart from image-only practices. It is not secular by origin, though a secular self-forgiveness or confession reframe can share the same underlying processes. And it is not purification in a physical or detox sense: here the cleansing is symbolic, working with regret and moral renewal rather than with the body.

Not to be confused with

Sacramental confession

Despite the alias Confession Meditation, this is not the sacramental confession of a priest or clergy. It is a solo visualization in which remorse is expressed inwardly through imagery and mantra, with no absolution granted by another person and no institutional rite involved.

Guided relaxation and imagery

This is not a calming guided-imagery exercise aimed at relaxation. Vajrasattva deliberately generates emotional contact with past harm and can raise arousal before it settles, whereas relaxation imagery aims to lower arousal from the outset.

Cathartic or abreaction therapy

The affective-release element is not clinical catharsis or abreaction therapy. It is a structured devotional practice framed by the Four Opponent Powers, not a therapeutic technique designed to relive and discharge traumatic memory under a clinician's guidance.

Other ngondro preliminary practices

Vajrasattva is one of the four ngondro preliminaries, not the whole set. Prostrations, mandala offering, and guru yoga are the companion preliminaries; Vajrasattva is the specific purification practice within that foundational sequence.

How does Vajrasattva Purification work?

Vajrasattva Purification is thought to work first by giving attention a demanding dual task: holding a detailed image while reciting a mantra. That double load anchors focus the way any absorbing activity quiets a wandering, worried mind. Alongside this, the practice deliberately generates remorse and then imagines it washed away. That move may support decentering, which is the shift from being caught inside guilt to watching it as a passing state, and affective release, letting a difficult emotion rise and move through rather than stay suppressed. These processes come from research on visualization and focused-attention meditation broadly, not from studies of this practice specifically, so they describe a plausible route rather than a measured one.

What does Vajrasattva Purification do to the body?

What happens in the body during Vajrasattva Purification has not been measured for this practice, so any account stays at the level of the reported rather than the recorded. Because the remorse stage deliberately brings up hard feelings, arousal may briefly rise, which can feel like a tighter throat, welling tears, or restlessness, before the purification imagery and the resolve allow it to settle into something quieter and lighter. This rise-then-settle pattern is inferred from how emotionally engaging meditation tends to work in general, not from readings taken during this technique.

What is Vajrasattva Purification used for?

Emerging is the honest evidence label here, because no controlled trial has tested Vajrasattva Purification on any outcome, and there are no confirmed benefits to report for this specific practice. What can be offered is a rationale rather than a result: its lineage as a foundational Tibetan Buddhist practice, and adjacent psychology research on self-forgiveness and confession, suggest that structured remorse and moral renewal can ease guilt and shame, and its proposed mechanisms are shared with visualization and focused-attention meditations that have been studied more directly. What is not supported is any claim of a demonstrated effect on anxiety, mood, sleep, or trauma, any effect size, or any evidence that this practice substitutes for treatment of a diagnosed condition.

What does the research say about Vajrasattva Purification?

Direct research on Vajrasattva Purification is essentially absent: no controlled trial has tested this specific practice on any clinical or cognitive outcome. The support that exists is indirect, drawn from the Tibetan Buddhist tradition it belongs to and from psychology research on self-forgiveness and confession, alongside broader studies of visualization and focused-attention meditation that examine similar mental processes rather than this protocol. For someone practicing, the relief or lightness that can follow genuine remorse is credible and consistent with related practices, but it has not been measured here, and effect sizes, populations, and comparators all remain unknown.

There are no trials of this practice, so expectations should be set by adjacent research whose methods and participant groups vary. Treat any account as general guidance rather than a promise about a single session, and not as a replacement for clinical care.

Read the full reference list

Where does Vajrasattva Purification come from?

Vajrasattva Purification comes from the Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhist tradition, where it is one of the ngondro, the foundational preliminary practices, and is often repeated toward 100,000 times as spiritual groundwork. It is built on the Four Opponent Powers: taking support in the visualized figure of Vajrasattva, feeling genuine remorse, applying the antidote of mantra and purifying nectar, and resolving to refrain from future harm. These roots help explain the practice's form, its staged sequence and its pairing of imagery with heartfelt confession, rather than proving any clinical effect.

Is Vajrasattva Purification safe?

For most healthy adults, Vajrasattva Purification is a low-risk practice. Because it deliberately brings up remorse and honest contact with actions you regret, strong feelings such as guilt, shame, or grief can surface during or after a session. You might notice tears, a tight throat, restlessness, or waves of self-blame that, for many people, settle into a lighter, more unburdened feeling afterward. The intensity is usually mild and short-lived. This caution is practice-informed and mechanism-inferred rather than measured in safety trials of the technique. If the emotional charge builds faster than it clears, or lingers in a way that feels unsettling rather than releasing, ease off the intensity of the remorse work; where trauma, active addiction, or depression is present, practise alongside a teacher or therapist.

Who should practise with care?

People with trauma histories, active addiction, acute or severe depression marked by heavy guilt, or complicated grief should take particular care. Deliberately cultivating remorse and self-scrutiny can feel destabilising rather than cleansing and may deepen harsh self-judgement. This is a practice-informed and mechanism-inferred caution, not a trial-validated contraindication, and no safety data exist for this specific practice. If any of these apply to you, the safer path is to work with a qualified teacher or mental-health professional and to ease into the remorse component gradually.

Strong feelings surfacing during practice

lowpractice-informed

Because the remorse stage deliberately brings up honest contact with actions you regret, strong feelings such as guilt, shame, or grief can surface during or after a session. You might notice tears, a tight throat, restlessness, or waves of self-blame that, for many people, settle into a lighter, more unburdened feeling afterward. The intensity is usually mild and short-lived. If the charge builds faster than it clears, or lingers in a way that feels unsettling rather than releasing, ease off the intensity of the remorse work and slow the pace. This caution is practice-informed and mechanism-inferred rather than measured in safety trials of the technique.

How does Vajrasattva Purification compare to similar techniques?

Technique	Best for	Use with care	Evidence strength	Distinction
Tonglen (giving-and-taking meditation)	Cultivating compassion and easing self-focused distress by shifting attention toward the suffering of others.	Deliberately breathing in others' pain can feel heavy for people already carrying grief or overwhelm.	EVIDENCE	Tonglen is another Tibetan Buddhist visualization, but it works with compassion rather than purification: on the in-breath you imagine taking in others' suffering as dark smoke, and on the out-breath you send out relief and ease. Vajrasattva turns that same breath-and-imagery machinery inward, using descending nectar to work with your own remorse and moral renewal rather than opening the heart toward others' pain.
Secular self-forgiveness and self-compassion practice	Working with guilt and self-blame outside a religious framework, in a form that fits secular therapy or self-help settings.	Without the ritual container, some people find it harder to move from dwelling on regret to genuine release.

Glossary

Vajrasattva

The white Buddha-figure visualized above the practitioner's crown in this practice, holding a vajra and bell and seated on a moon and lotus. In the Tibetan tradition Vajrasattva embodies primordial purity and is the source of the cleansing nectar the practitioner imagines.

Ngondro

The set of foundational preliminary practices in Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhism that prepare a practitioner for deeper training. Vajrasattva Purification is one of the four ngondro preliminaries, often undertaken toward 100,000 repetitions.

Four Opponent Powers

The four-part structure of the practice: taking support in the visualized figure, generating genuine remorse for past harm, applying the antidote by reciting mantra and imagining purifying nectar, and resolving to refrain from future harm.

100-syllable mantra

The long Vajrasattva mantra recited while holding the visualization. Keeping the words and the imagery going together forms a demanding dual focus that steadies attention.

Vajrayana

The tantric branch of Tibetan Buddhism from which this practice comes, which makes extensive use of deity visualization, mantra, and ritual imagery as paths of transformation.

Decentering

The shift from being caught inside a thought or feeling to watching it as a passing mental event. In this practice it shows up as seeing guilt as something moving through you rather than as a fixed truth about who you are.

The metacognitive capacity to observe thoughts and emotions as transient mental events rather than identifying with their content, reducing automatic reactivity.

Affective release

The process of letting difficult emotion become accessible and move through rather than staying suppressed. It often feels like tears, a loosening in the chest or throat, and a lighter, unburdened sense afterward.

Emotional catharsis in which arousal and body-signal intensity rise, reducing avoidance and suppression so that emotion can be experienced and discharged.

Full References

[1]other peer reviewed

Chaoting Wen, Jixian Zhang, Yuqin Feng, Yuqing Duan, Haile Ma, Haihui Zhang (2020). Purification and identification of novel antioxidant peptides from watermelon seed protein hydrolysates and their cytoprotective effects on H2O2-induced oxidative stress.. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127059

DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127059

Cited in: –

[2]other peer reviewed

Zhiwei Wei, Gege Peng, Yaqi Zhao, Shengqiu Chen, Rui Wang, Hui Mao (2022). Engineering Antioxidative Cascade Metal-Phenolic Nanozymes for Alleviating Oxidative Stress during Extracorporeal Blood Purification.. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.2c06186

DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06186

Cited in: –

Trauma history

lowpractice-informed

Deliberately cultivating remorse and self-scrutiny can feel destabilising rather than cleansing for people carrying trauma, and may deepen harsh self-judgement instead of clearing it. Start with lighter material and shorter sessions, keep attention on the purification imagery when feeling rises, and arrange for a qualified teacher or mental-health professional to be involved so difficult material has somewhere to be held. No safety data exist for this specific practice, so this is a practice-informed, mechanism-inferred caution rather than a trial-validated contraindication.

Active addiction

lowpractice-informed

The practice's deliberate focus on guilt and past harm can intensify self-blame in ways that feel destabilising during active addiction. Ease into the remorse component gradually, keep sessions short, and practise alongside a teacher or mental-health professional rather than alone. This is a practice-informed, mechanism-inferred caution, not a trial-validated contraindication, and no safety data exist for this specific practice.

Acute or severe depression with heavy guilt

lowpractice-informed

When depression is acute or severe and already marked by heavy guilt, cultivating remorse and self-scrutiny can reinforce harsh self-judgement rather than ease it. Work with a qualified teacher or mental-health professional, ease into the remorse component gradually, and stop and seek support if you notice a sustained worsening of mood or thoughts of self-harm. This caution is practice-informed and mechanism-inferred, not trial-validated.

Complicated grief

lowpractice-informed

For people carrying complicated grief, deliberately generating remorse and honest contact with loss and regret can feel overwhelming rather than cleansing. Titrate the remorse work, lean on the purification imagery, and practise alongside a qualified teacher or therapist so surfacing feelings have somewhere to be held. No safety trials exist for this practice, so this is a practice-informed, mechanism-inferred caution.

How to practise safely?

Vajrasattva Purification is best approached gently, from a settled baseline, so that the honest contact with regret it invites has room to move through you rather than pile up. For most beginners a sensible starting format is shorter sessions built around lighter material, leaning on the purification imagery to give difficult feeling somewhere to go. If you carry trauma, active addiction, or grief, it is kinder to yourself to have a qualified teacher or mental-health professional involved as you ease in.

Settle before you begin

Take a few minutes of quiet breathing or grounding so your baseline feels steady. Starting from a settled state makes it easier to tell ordinary emotional movement from distress that is building too fast.

Titrate the remorse component

The power of remorse asks you to make genuine emotional contact with past harm, which naturally raises arousal, the body's stress response gearing up so difficult feeling can be reached. Start with lighter material and shorter sessions, and go deeper only as you find the emotion moves through and eases rather than piling up.

Stay with the purification imagery

When difficult feeling rises, keep attention on the nectar washing through you and the negativities leaving as black smoke and liquid. This symbolic movement gives the emotion somewhere to go and often precedes the sense of lightness that follows.

Watch for the turn from clearing to overwhelm

Notice tears, agitation, or guilt that intensifies without settling. If the charge keeps climbing, slow the pace, soften the imagery, or pause the session rather than pushing through.

Practise with support if you carry trauma, addiction, or grief

If any of these apply, arrange for a qualified teacher or mental-health professional to be involved, so difficult material that surfaces has somewhere to be held.

Close deliberately and return gently

End with the power of resolve and a short pause before standing, letting your attention come back to the room and your body before you move on with the day.

Escalate if warning signs appear

Stop the practice and seek professional support if you notice dissociation, thoughts of self-harm, or a sustained worsening of mood.

Medical Disclaimer

This information is educational and is not medical advice. This practice is not a substitute for professional care and should not replace prescribed medication or treatment for any medical or mental-health condition. If you are managing a health condition or taking medication, talk with a qualified health professional before changing your practice. If you are in distress or crisis, seek professional support.

Does Vajrasattva Purification actually help with guilt and regret?

Not proven. No trials have tested Vajrasattva Purification on guilt, regret, or shame, so any relief is plausible rather than established. Its Tibetan Buddhist lineage and adjacent self-forgiveness research point to structured remorse easing guilt, but that stays a reasoned expectation, not a confirmed result.

Not proven. This specific practice has never been measured in a trial, cohort study, or any recorded outcome, so it cannot be said to reduce guilt, regret, or shame in any demonstrated way. What can honestly be offered is a rationale: as a foundational Tibetan Buddhist purification practice, and alongside psychology research on self-forgiveness and confession, structured remorse followed by resolve could plausibly ease a heavy conscience. Treat that as a reasoned expectation rather than a demonstrated effect, and not a substitute for care.

Is there any real research behind Vajrasattva Purification?

Not directly. No controlled trials have tested Vajrasattva Purification on any outcome, so the support is indirect and emerging only, drawn from its Tibetan Vajrayana lineage and from research on adjacent self-forgiveness, confession, and visualization practices rather than this specific meditation.

Not directly. Direct research on Vajrasattva Purification is essentially absent, with no trials measuring its effects, effect sizes, or populations for this specific practice. What exists is indirect: its place as a foundational (ngondro) preliminary in Tibetan Vajrayana Buddhism, plus psychology research on self-forgiveness and confession and broader studies of visualization and focused-attention meditation that examine similar mental processes. Read that as a plausible rationale, not confirmation of a measured outcome.

How can imagining nectar washing through you ease guilt?

By giving guilt a concrete shape it can move through. The imagery is thought to work via symbolic processing (turning regret into something workable), decentering (watching guilt pass rather than being defined by it), and letting difficult emotion surface and move. These are plausible routes inferred from broader visualization research, not measured in this practice.

By giving guilt a concrete shape it can move through rather than circle endlessly. Picturing dark residue washing out while bright nectar fills the body may engage symbolic processing, using images to reorganise meaning so regret feels workable. It may also support decentering, the shift from being caught inside guilt to watching it as a passing mental event, and let difficult emotion rise and move instead of staying suppressed. These processes are drawn from broader research on visualization and focused-attention meditation, so they describe a plausible route rather than a measured effect for this specific practice, and no effect size or demonstrated outcome can be claimed.

Can Vajrasattva Purification bring up strong feelings or make guilt worse?

Yes, it can. Because the practice deliberately generates remorse, strong feelings such as guilt, shame, tears, a tight throat, or restlessness can surface; for most people these are mild and settle into a lighter, unburdened sense. For some the charge lingers, so ease off if it builds faster than it clears.

Yes, it can. Vajrasattva Purification intentionally brings up honest contact with actions you regret, so waves of guilt, shame, sadness, or bodily tension can arise during or after a session, usually mild and transient before settling into relief. For some people the emotional charge lingers or intensifies rather than clearing, and where trauma, active addiction, acute depression, or complicated grief is present the self-scrutiny can feel destabilising or reinforce harsh self-judgement. This is a practice-informed, mechanism-inferred caution rather than one measured in safety trials; ease off the remorse work if it keeps climbing, and practise alongside a qualified teacher or mental-health professional if any of those conditions apply.

Is Vajrasattva Purification safe if I have a trauma history or depression?

Use care. For most healthy adults this is low-risk, but its deliberate cultivation of remorse and self-scrutiny can feel destabilising if you carry trauma, active addiction, acute depression, or complicated grief. It is not a substitute for care; ease in gradually and, where these apply, practise alongside a teacher or mental-health professional.

Use care. No safety trials exist for this specific practice, so this is a practice-informed, mechanism-inferred caution rather than a tested verdict. Because Vajrasattva Purification intentionally brings up guilt and honest contact with regret, strong feelings can surface and, for some people, may reinforce harsh self-judgement instead of clearing. Start with lighter material and shorter sessions, and stop and seek professional support if you notice dissociation, thoughts of self-harm, or a sustained worsening of mood.

Do I really have to do the mantra 100,000 times to get started?

No. The 100,000-repetition figure is a traditional ngondro commitment used as spiritual groundwork, not a prerequisite for starting. Vajrasattva Purification is also widely practised as a standalone meditation, so beginners can start with shorter sessions.

No. In the Tibetan tradition the practice is prescribed for 100,000 repetitions as one of the ngondro, the foundational preliminary practices, but that count is a devotional commitment marking spiritual groundwork rather than a threshold you must cross to benefit. Vajrasattva Purification is also widely practised as a standalone purification meditation, so a beginner can begin with shorter sessions and fewer recitations. This is a matter of lineage and tradition, not a tested dose, and more repetitions have not been shown to produce measured outcomes.

What's the difference between Vajrasattva Purification and secular self-forgiveness practice?

The core move is the same, but the vehicle differs. Both make honest contact with regret and then release it, but Vajrasattva Purification carries that work inside a Tibetan Buddhist frame of deity visualization, mantra, and the Four Opponent Powers, while secular self-forgiveness uses plain psychological language with no devotional imagery. Neither has been tested head-to-head, so the difference is framing and cultural fit, not proven superiority.

The core move is the same, but the vehicle differs. Both make honest contact with regret and then release it, but Vajrasattva Purification carries that work inside a Tibetan Vajrayana frame of deity visualization, a recited mantra, and the four-part structure of the Four Opponent Powers, while secular self-forgiveness reframes the same remorse-and-release move in ordinary psychological terms for people outside the tradition. No head-to-head or comparative outcome data exists for either form, so which vehicle suits you is a question of cultural fit and engagement, not measured effectiveness.

Symbolic processing

Working with images, metaphors, and stories to reorganize meaning. Here the picture of dark residue washing out and bright nectar filling the body gives regret a concrete shape that feels workable.

Cognitive engagement with metaphor, symbol, and narrative that links abstract concepts to felt experience through associative networks, enabling insight and integration.

Attentional anchoring

Steadying attention on a clear target so it stops drifting to worries. In this practice the anchor is the combined task of holding the visualized figure while reciting mantra, which tends to feel like sharper focus and fewer spiraling thoughts.

[3]other peer reviewed

Errol M. Thomson (2019). Air Pollution, Stress, and Allostatic Load: Linking Systemic and Central Nervous System Impacts. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-190015

DOI: 10.3233/jad-190015

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[4]other peer reviewed

Dan Zhao, Xiaolan Liu (2023). Purification, Identification and Evaluation of Antioxidant Peptides from Pea Protein Hydrolysates. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28072952

DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072952

Cited in: –

[5]randomized controlled trial

Nye E J, Grice J E, Hockings G I, Strakosch C R, Crosbie G V, Walters M M (1999). Comparison of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) stimulation tests and insulin hypoglycemia in normal humans: low dose, standard high dose, and 8-hour ACTH-(1-24) infusion tests.. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.84.10.6062

DOI: 10.1210/jcem.84.10.6062

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[6]other peer reviewed

Jiemin Wang, Chong Cheng, Shudong Sun, Weifeng Zhao, Changsheng Zhao (2024). Metal–organic framework-based adsorbents for blood purification: progress, challenges, and prospects. https://doi.org/10.1039/d3tb03047d

DOI: 10.1039/d3tb03047d

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[7]other peer reviewed

Ali Bougatef, Naïma Nedjar‐Arroume, Laïla Manni, Rozenn Ravallec, Ahmed Barkia, Didier Guillochon (2009). Purification and identification of novel antioxidant peptides from enzymatic hydrolysates of sardinelle (Sardinella aurita) by-products proteins. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.05.021

DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.05.021

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[8]other peer reviewed

Ning Chen, Hongmei Yang, Yi Sun, Jun Niu, Shuying Liu (2012). Purification and identification of antioxidant peptides from walnut (Juglans regia L.) protein hydrolysates. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2012.09.017

DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.09.017

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[9]other peer reviewed

Andrew N. Margioris, Michel Grino, PETER PROTOS, Philip W. Gold, George P. Chrousos (1988). Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone and Oxytocin Stimulate the Release of Placental Proopiomelanocortin Peptides. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-66-5-922

DOI: 10.1210/jcem-66-5-922

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[10]other peer reviewed

Roger Guillemin, George W. Clayton, J. D. Smith, H. S. Lipscomb (1958). MEASUREMENT OF FREE CORTICOSTEROIDS IN RAT PLASMA: PHYSIOLOGICAL VALIDATION OF A METHOD<sup>1</sup>. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-63-3-349

DOI: 10.1210/endo-63-3-349

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[11]other peer reviewed

Chia Hau Lee, Norfadilah Hamdan, Bemgba Bevan Nyakuma, Syie Luing Wong, Keng Yinn Wong, Huiyi Tan (2024). Purification, identification and molecular docking studies of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory peptides from Edible Bird's Nest. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139797

DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139797

Cited in: –

[12]other peer reviewed

Huichu Li, Jing Cai, Renjie Chen, Zhuohui Zhao, Z. Ying, Lin Wang (2017). Particulate Matter Exposure and Stress Hormone Levels: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Trial of Air Purification. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.116.026796

DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.026796

Cited in: –

[13]other peer reviewed

E. B. Astwood, M. S. Raben, R. W. Payne, A. B. Grady (1951). PURIFICATION OF CORTICOTROPIN WITH OXYCELLULOSE<sup>1</sup>. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01150a542

DOI: 10.1021/ja01150a542

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[14]other peer reviewed

Emily Cheek, Valentina Guercio, Clive Shrubsole, Sani Dimitroulopoulou (2020). Portable air purification: Review of impacts on indoor air quality and health. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142585

DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142585

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[15]other peer reviewed

Zhen Xia, Jianyin Miao, Bingbing Chen, Junbin Guo, Yingyi Ou, Xingtang Liang (2022). Purification, identification, and antioxidative mechanism of three novel selenium-enriched oyster antioxidant peptides. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111359

DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111359

Cited in: –

[16]other peer reviewed

Jing Yang, Jichao Huang, Xiaoli Dong, Yali Zhang, Xinghu Zhou, Ming Huang (2020). Purification and identification of antioxidant peptides from duck plasma proteins. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126534

DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126534

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[17]other peer reviewed

E Odagiri, B J Sherrell, Charles D. Mount, Wendell E. Nicholson, David N. Orth (1979). Human placental immunoreactive corticotropin, lipotropin, and beta-endorphin: evidence for a common precursor.. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.76.4.2027

DOI: 10.1073/pnas.76.4.2027

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[18]other peer reviewed

A. William Tank, Dona L. Wong (2014). Peripheral and Central Effects of Circulating Catecholamines. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c140007

DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140007

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[19]other peer reviewed

Xin Song, Haifeng Ji, Yupei Li, Yuqin Xiong, Li Qiu, Rui Zhong (2021). Transient blood thinning during extracorporeal blood purification via the inactivation of coagulation factors by hydrogel microspheres. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-020-00673-x

DOI: 10.1038/s41551-020-00673-x

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[20]other peer reviewed

Richard J. Wurtman (2002). Stress and the adrenocortical control of epinephrine synthesis. https://doi.org/10.1053/meta.2002.33185

DOI: 10.1053/meta.2002.33185

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[21]meta analysis

Elisa Borroni, Angela Cecilia Pesatori, Valentina Bollati, Massimiliano Buoli, Michele Carugno (2021). Air pollution exposure and depression: A comprehensive updated systematic review and meta-analysis. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118245

DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118245

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[22]other peer reviewed

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[23]other peer reviewed

Jomova Klaudia, Valko Marian (2011). Advances in metal-induced oxidative stress and human disease.. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2011.03.001

DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.03.001

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[24]other peer reviewed

Shaobing Zhang, Zhang Wang, Shi Ying Xu, Xian Fu Gao (2009). Purification and Characterization of a Radical Scavenging Peptide from Rapeseed Protein Hydrolysates. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-009-1404-5

DOI: 10.1007/s11746-009-1404-5

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[25]other peer reviewed

Atsushi Sasaki, Paul Tempst, Anthony S. Liotta, Andrew N. Margioris, Leroy Hood, Stephen B. H. Kent (1988). Isolation and Characterization of a Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone-Like Peptide From Human Placenta. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-67-4-768

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[26]other peer reviewed

Yajun Zheng, Yan Li, Yufeng Zhang (2017). Purification and identification of antioxidative peptides of palm kernel expeller glutelin-1 hydrolysates. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ra11657h

DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11657h

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[27]other peer reviewed

Christina Slota, Alvin Shi, Guobing Chen, Margaret Bevans, Nan‐ping Weng (2015). Norepinephrine preferentially modulates memory CD8 T cell function inducing inflammatory cytokine production and reducing proliferation in response to activation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2015.01.015

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[28]other peer reviewed

Hohnloser J, Von Werder K, Müller O A (1989). Acute dexamethasone suppression of ACTH secretion stimulated by human corticotrophin releasing hormone, AVP and hypoglycaemia.. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1989.tb01240.x

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[29]other peer reviewed

Li Yuan, Lingling Zhu, Wei Zhang, Wengang Jin, Fan Bai, Peng Xu (2024). Novel Peptides from Sturgeon Ovarian Protein Hydrolysates Prevent Oxidative Stress-Induced Dysfunction in Osteoblast Cells: Purification, Identification, and Characterization. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07021

DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07021

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[30]other peer reviewed

Singh Sanjay (2024). Antioxidant nanozymes as next-generation therapeutics to free radical-mediated inflammatory diseases: A comprehensive review.. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129374

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129374

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[31]other peer reviewed

Thorén M, Ajne M, Hall K (1981). Plasma pattern of immunoreactive ACTH in normal man and in patients with Nelson's syndrome.. https://doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.0960015

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[32]other peer reviewed

Na Ji, Cuixia Sun, Yunxia Zhao, Liu Xiong, Qingjie Sun (2014). Purification and identification of antioxidant peptides from peanut protein isolate hydrolysates using UHR-Q-TOF mass spectrometer. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.04.010

DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.04.010

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[33]other peer reviewed

Manickam Devika S, Brynskikh Anna M, Kopanic Jennifer L, Sorgen Paul L, Klyachko Natalia L, Batrakova Elena V (2012). Well-defined cross-linked antioxidant nanozymes for treatment of ischemic brain injury.. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.07.044

DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.07.044

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[34]other peer reviewed

Sanghyuk Bae, Xiaochuan Pan, Su‐Young Kim, Kwangsik Park, Yoonhee Kim, Ho Kim (2009). Exposures to Particulate Matter and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Oxidative Stress in Schoolchildren. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901077

DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0901077

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[35]meta analysis

Isobel Braithwaite, Shuo Zhang, James B. Kirkbride, David Osborn, Joseph Hayes (2019). Air Pollution (Particulate Matter) Exposure and Associations with Depression, Anxiety, Bipolar, Psychosis and Suicide Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp4595

DOI: 10.1289/ehp4595

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[36]other peer reviewed

Ryan W. Allen, Prabjit Barn (2020). Individual- and Household-Level Interventions to Reduce Air Pollution Exposures and Health Risks: a Review of the Recent Literature. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-020-00296-z

DOI: 10.1007/s40572-020-00296-z

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[37]other peer reviewed

Kerdelhué B, Lenoir V, Kolm P, Seltman H J, Jones H W, Jones G S (1997). ACTH, beta-endorphin, substance P, and corticotrophin releasing hormone in plasma and follicular fluid in hormonally stimulated menstrual cycles for in-vitro fertilization in the human.. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/12.2.231

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Pradier P, Davicco M J, Safwate A, Tournaire C, Dalle M, Barlet J P (1986). Plasma adrenocorticotrophin, cortisol and aldosterone responses to ovine corticotrophin-releasing factor and vasopressin in sheep.. https://doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1110093

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Pantian Huang, Jianyin Miao, Jialing Li, Yingkun Li, Xianghua Wang, Yan Yu (2023). Novel Antioxidant Peptides from Pearl Shell Meat Hydrolysate and Their Antioxidant Activity Mechanism. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020864

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