Somatic & Body Based

What is Orienting to Safety?

Orienting to Safety is a somatic practice of guiding your attention toward cues of safety in your surroundings and noticing how your body responds.

Indirect Evidence

Last Updated

4 Jul 2026

We are still reviewing this page. Our research team checks every technique page for accuracy and evidence quality before final release. Details may change as that review completes. The evidence badge shows our current reading of the published research.

RECOMMENDED DOSE

How Much Orienting to Safety Should You Practise?

No direct dose evidence; editorial synthesis. A brief, low-commitment introduction to orienting helps a newcomer build familiarity and a felt sense of safety without becoming overwhelming. No direct dose-response literature exists for this technique, so treat this as a starting point only.

No direct dose evidence; editorial synthesis. Once orienting feels familiar, a modest increase in duration and near-daily practice supports steadier nervous-system regulation. These figures reflect general practice conventions for somatic grounding techniques rather than tested protocols.

No direct dose evidence; editorial synthesis. An established practitioner may extend sessions and weave short orienting moments into daily life for maintenance. This upper range is inferred from general somatic-practice conventions, not from dose-response studies for this technique.

Session length

Session length: 2–5 minutes

MIN

How long each individual practice session should last from start to finish.

Frequency

Frequency: 3–5 days

DAYS

The number of days per week to fit a session into your routine.

Session length

Session length: 5–10 minutes

MIN

How long each individual practice session should last from start to finish.

Frequency

Frequency: 5–7 days

DAYS

The number of days per week to fit a session into your routine.

Session length

Session length: 10–15 minutes

MIN

How long each individual practice session should last from start to finish.

Frequency

Frequency: 7 days

DAYS

The number of days per week to fit a session into your routine.

About this card. These recommendations are not a substitute for personalised guidance from a qualified practitioner. No direct dose-response literature exists for this technique, so these figures are conservative starting points rather than validated protocols.

Related Techniques to Orienting to Safety

Dorsal Vagal Awareness

Common questions about Orienting to Safety

Quick answers to what people most often ask. Each card links to the deeper section below.

evidence

What does the research say about Orienting to Safety?

No controlled trials have directly tested Orienting to Safety, so its support remains theoretical rather than trial-based. Grounded in Stephen Porges's Polyvagal Theory and Peter Levine's Somatic Experiencing, a 2021 scoping review lists sensory orienting among established somatic techniques, but these describe its lineage rather than measure calming or grounding effects.

good for

Who is Orienting to Safety good for?

Orienting to Safety suits adults who feel chronically on guard, anxious, or disconnected from their body, and works as a gentle first step when turning attention inward feels too much. Within trauma-informed care it eases high alert and builds a grounded sense of safety, though these uses reflect clinical tradition rather than tested populations.

safety

Is Orienting to Safety safe?

Most people can practise Orienting to Safety with low risk. Those with significant trauma histories, a tendency to dissociate (going numb or detached), or in acute distress should approach slowly, ideally alongside a trauma-informed practitioner, since scanning for safety can heighten arousal before it settles. It is not a substitute for professional care.

how it works

How does Orienting to Safety work?

Directing attention toward real signs of safety in your surroundings is thought to work through neuroception, the nervous system's automatic scan for threat or safety. Supplying deliberate safety cues is proposed to engage the body's rest-and-recovery state, slowing the breath and softening the shoulders, while building interoceptive awareness, the skill of reading your own internal signals.

For clinicians, researchers, and curious readers

What's in a session?

How does it work?

What does it do to the body?

What is it used for?

What does the research say?

Where does it come from?

Is it safe?Who should practise with care?How to practise safely?

How does it compare?

What does a Orienting to Safety session involve?

Orienting to Safety is a somatic practice of guiding your attention toward cues of safety in your surroundings and noticing how your body responds.

A session means letting sensory attention move outward and settle on your immediate surroundings: supportive features of the space, attuned signals from other people, and your body's own response. Many practitioners let the eyes wander and rest on points of stability, turn toward whatever feels containing, and track any softening, settling, or slower breath as it happens. The format is unhurried and open rather than scripted, so there is no fixed count or sequence to complete.

Orienting to Safety is not the same as general grounding, the structured 5-4-3-2-1 senses exercise, or open mindfulness. It differs from generic grounding in its specific polyvagal framing and its emphasis on detecting safety; from 5-4-3-2-1 in its open-ended, exploratory format rather than a fixed count; and from mindfulness in its deliberate lean toward stimuli that signal safety rather than even, nonjudgmental attention to whatever arises.

Not to be confused with

Polyvagal Theory

Polyvagal Theory is the explanatory framework that makes the practice coherent, not the practice itself. Orienting to Safety is the thing you actually do; Polyvagal Theory is the model of the nervous system used to describe why it might help.

Positive thinking or reassuring self-talk

This is not telling yourself you are safe when you do not feel it. Orienting to Safety works through the senses, noticing actual cues of stability and support in the surroundings and how the body responds, rather than through convincing thoughts.

Grounding as earthing or physical contact with the earth

Somatic grounding here means anchoring attention in bodily weight and contact points, not the wellness practice of standing barefoot on the ground to exchange electrical charge with the earth.

How does Orienting to Safety work?

Orienting to Safety is thought to work through neuroception, the nervous system's constant, automatic scan for signs of threat or safety that can tip the body toward rest once enough safety registers. Supplying deliberate safety cues is proposed to bring on what polyvagal theory calls ventral vagal engagement, a shift toward the socially connected, rest-and-recovery state, so a person feels less locked in high alert or shutdown. The practice is also framed as building interoceptive awareness, the skill of reading your own internal signals, alongside a grounded, anchored sense of the body in space. These are process ideas drawn from the technique's own framework rather than effects measured in the studies gathered for this page.

Possible Mechanisms

Autonomic Balancing

Feeling stuck in high alert or shut down can ease as the nervous system regains its ability to move between activation and rest, a flexibility sometimes called autonomic balance. Orienting to Safety is thought to support this by turning attention toward cues of safety in your surroundings, so shifting from wired to calm feels less forced, though this is a proposed process from the practice's framework rather than something measured in the studies gathered for this page.

Interoceptive Awareness

As a safe surrounding registers, you may notice your breath deepening, your shoulders dropping, a quiet softening inside. Learning to read those internal signals is interoception, and building it can help you catch early signs of stress, or of settling, before they escalate. This is a proposed mechanism from the technique's framework, not a measured finding.

Somatic Grounding

Feet on the floor, weight settling into the chair, the body feeling heavier and more here: somatic grounding is the way that directing attention to physical contact points and the pull of gravity anchors awareness in the body while mental spinning eases. In Orienting to Safety, this is a theorized part of how noticing the stability of the space around you helps the nervous system feel supported.

Somatic Resourcing

Each time the body registers a real cue of safety, that settled feeling can be laid down like a bodily memory. Orienting to Safety is thought to work partly by building a store of these felt states, so a sense of steadiness and security becomes something you can deliberately return to when distress rises. This is a proposed mechanism from the practice's own framework rather than a tested finding.

What does Orienting to Safety do to the body?

What Orienting to Safety does to the body has not been directly measured in the research gathered here, so what follows describes changes people commonly report and that the framework predicts, not recorded readings. As attention lands on signs of safety, many notice the breath slowing and deepening, the shoulders and jaw softening, and a sense of weight settling through the body. Polyvagal theory frames these as a shift toward ventral vagal engagement, the rest-and-recovery side of the nervous system coming online, though that shift was not tracked in the studies available for this page.

What is Orienting to Safety used for?

Emerging, theory-based support is all that exists for Orienting to Safety at this point. Within polyvagal and somatic frameworks it is used to ease high alert, support a grounded sense of the body, and build a felt sense of safety and steadier presence, but these are proposed uses rather than tested outcomes. What is not yet supported is anything stronger: there are no controlled trials, no measured physiological or symptom outcomes, and the references gathered for this page study unrelated topics, so it should not be treated as a proven treatment or a replacement for clinical care.

What does the research say about Orienting to Safety?

No study in the evidence gathered for this page directly tested Orienting to Safety, so its support at present is theoretical rather than trial-based. The practice draws on Stephen Porges's Polyvagal Theory and Peter Levine's Somatic Experiencing, and a 2021 scoping review by Kuhfuss and colleagues lists sensory orienting among established Somatic Experiencing techniques, but these describe the practice's lineage rather than measure its effects. The references retrieved for this record concern unrelated areas such as spatial navigation and addiction treatment, so its calming and grounding effects stay suggestive on mechanistic grounds and untested here.

No retrieved study examines this practice, so treat its rationale as theory and clinical tradition rather than a promise about any single session, and not a replacement for clinical care.

Read the full reference list

Where does Orienting to Safety come from?

Orienting to Safety comes from Polyvagal Theory, developed by Stephen Porges (2011), and from Somatic Experiencing, developed by Peter Levine (2010), where deliberately noticing safety cues is a core way of helping the nervous system leave defensive states; a 2021 scoping review by Kuhfuss and colleagues lists orienting among established Somatic Experiencing techniques. These roots explain the practice's form, its open-ended scanning for signs of safety, rather than proving any clinical effect.

Is Orienting to Safety safe?

For most people, Orienting to Safety is gentle and low-risk. It mostly asks you to notice supportive features of the space around you and how your body responds, which tends to feel settling rather than demanding. A few situations call for more care. If you carry a trauma history, turning attention toward inner sensations can sometimes heighten arousal, the keyed-up, on-edge state, or bring a numb, checked-out quality instead of a sense of settling, and cues of safety may not register at first. This is a practice-informed caution drawn from how the technique is taught within Polyvagal-informed and Somatic Experiencing work, not from measured safety data. The practice supports regulation, but it does not replace professional care during acute distress.

Who should practise with care?

People with significant trauma histories, including sexual trauma, are best served by moving slowly and, where possible, practising alongside a trauma-informed practitioner, since scanning for safety or attending to inner sensations can feel activating before it becomes settling. Anyone in acute distress, or who tends to dissociate, going numb or feeling detached from the body, may find inward attention destabilising and is usually better supported by professional care first. These are practice-informed cautions that reflect how the technique is taught, not findings from studies of this specific practice.

Trauma history

lowpractice-informed

If you carry a trauma history, deliberately scanning for safety cues or turning attention toward inner sensations can heighten arousal — the keyed-up, on-edge state — or bring a numb, checked-out quality before it brings calm, and cues of safety may not register at first. Start by orienting to the room rather than inward, work in small doses, and stop or reorient to your feet and surroundings if distress climbs. This caution reflects how the technique is taught within Polyvagal-informed and Somatic Experiencing work, not measured safety data.

Sexual trauma

low

How does Orienting to Safety compare to similar techniques?

Technique	Best for	Use with care	Evidence strength	Distinction
5-4-3-2-1 grounding	A quick, portable structure when anxiety spikes and a clear step-by-step sequence feels easier to follow than open exploration.	The fixed count can feel mechanical, and it does not specifically seek safety cues, so it may not shift a strong sense of threat.	EVIDENCE	Both turn attention to the senses to settle an activated body, but 5-4-3-2-1 is a structured drill: you name a fixed count of things you can see, hear, touch, smell, and taste. Orienting to Safety is open-ended, letting the eyes move and settle wherever a cue of safety draws them, and it deliberately favours signals that read as safe rather than cataloguing whatever is present.
Somatic Experiencing	Working through trauma-held activation over time with a trained practitioner, where orienting is one tool among several.	It is a fuller clinical process best done with a qualified guide, not a standalone self-practice for acute distress.

Glossary

Neuroception

The nervous system's automatic, below-conscious scan of the environment and body for signs of threat or safety, which can shift you toward calm once it registers enough safety cues.

A term from Polyvagal Theory (Porges) for subcortical detection of risk versus safety that shapes autonomic state independently of conscious appraisal.

Ventral vagal engagement

A settled, socially connected state in which the body feels calm yet alert and open to others, described in Polyvagal Theory as the system supporting rest and connection.

Activation of the ventral vagal branch of the parasympathetic nervous system associated with the social engagement system.

Interoception

The ability to sense and read internal body signals such as breath movement, heartbeat, muscle tension, and temperature, which lets you notice early signs of stress or of settling.

Perception of internal bodily states via visceral afferent processing.

Somatic grounding

Directing attention to the points where the body meets the ground and to its weight, so awareness settles into physical reality and mental spinning eases, feeling heavier and more here.

Proprioceptive and vestibular anchoring of attention to contact points and gravitational weight; linked to embodied cognition.

Somatic resourcing

Storing the body's felt experience of safety so it becomes a steady internal reference point you can deliberately return to when distress rises.

Mobilising and anchoring felt-sense states of safety, calm, or strength as an accessible whole-body reference during dysregulation.

Sympathovagal balance

The balance between the nervous system's activating branch and its rest-and-recovery branch, and the ability to move flexibly between them rather than staying stuck in high alert or shutdown.

The relative activity of sympathetic and parasympathetic (vagal) systems, often discussed alongside autonomic flexibility and heart rate variability.

Full References

[1]other peer reviewed

Francesca Pazzaglia, Chiara Meneghetti, Lucia Ronconi (2018). Tracing a Route and Finding a Shortcut: The Working Memory, Motivational, and Personality Factors Involved. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00225

DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00225

Cited in: –

[2]other peer reviewed

Raffaella Nori, Micaela Maria Zucchelli, Massimiliano Palmiero, Laura Piccardi (2023). Environmental cognitive load and spatial anxiety: What matters in navigation?. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102032

DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2023.102032

Cited in: –

Acute distress or dissociation

lowpractice-informed

Anyone in acute distress, or who tends to dissociate — going numb or feeling detached from the body — may find inward attention destabilising and is usually better supported by professional care first. The practice supports regulation, but it does not replace professional care during acute distress.

How to practise safely?

Orienting to Safety tends to feel most settling when you approach it gently and without pressure, treating any sense of ease as something to notice rather than something to force. A good starting point is to keep it brief and low-key, letting your surroundings stay in view and giving yourself permission to slow down or pause whenever attention feels like too much. If you carry a trauma history or tend to feel numb or detached, going slowly alongside a trauma-informed practitioner is a kind way to begin.

Start with the room, not the body

Let your eyes move gently around your surroundings and settle on something ordinary and supportive: a doorway, a patch of light, a solid wall. Orienting outward first is a lower-threat entry point than turning attention straight inward, especially if inner sensations tend to feel overwhelming.

Keep your eyes open and stay present

Let your gaze rest and move freely rather than closing your eyes or narrowing your focus. Keeping the room in view helps the nervous system register that you are here and safe now, and gives you an anchor to return to if attention starts to spin.

Go slowly and in small amounts

Notice one cue of safety at a time and pause between them, rather than scanning intensely or trying to force a calm feeling. Working in short, manageable doses lets settling build gradually and reduces the chance of tipping into more activation.

Let safety register on its own

Notice any softening, slower breath, or weight settling into your seat, but treat these as things to observe, not to produce. If nothing shifts, that is fine; safety cues sometimes take time to land, and pushing for a result tends to work against the practice.

Have an exit ramp if distress rises

If you notice tension climbing, numbness, or a sense that safety cues will not land, slow down or stop, take in the room, feel your feet on the floor, and reorient to something neutral and present. Stepping out of the practice when it feels like too much is a skillful choice, not a failure.

Get trauma-informed support when you need it

If you have a trauma history, tend to dissociate, or are in acute distress, work with a trauma-informed practitioner who can help you pace the practice and titrate how much inner attention you take on. Use this practice as a support for regulation, not as a replacement for professional care.

Medical Disclaimer

This information is educational and is not medical advice. This practice is not a substitute for professional care and should not replace prescribed medication or treatment for any medical or mental-health condition. If you are managing a health condition or taking medication, talk with a qualified health professional before changing your practice. If you are in distress or crisis, seek professional support.

Does Orienting to Safety actually work, or is it just theory?

Mostly theory for now. Orienting to Safety is grounded in Polyvagal Theory and Somatic Experiencing clinical tradition, but no study gathered here has directly tested it, so its calming and grounding effects are plausible on mechanistic grounds rather than demonstrated. Treat it as an emerging supportive practice, not a proven treatment.

Mostly theory for now. The practice draws on Stephen Porges's Polyvagal Theory and Peter Levine's Somatic Experiencing, where deliberately noticing safety cues is an established way of helping the nervous system leave defensive states, and a 2021 scoping review lists sensory orienting among recognised Somatic Experiencing techniques. But the references gathered for this page concern unrelated areas such as spatial navigation and addiction treatment, so none directly measure this technique's effects. That leaves its calming and grounding benefits plausible on mechanistic grounds but not yet confirmed, so it is best explored as a supportive practice rather than a replacement for clinical care.

Is there any research proving Orienting to Safety reduces anxiety?

No. No study gathered for this page directly tested Orienting to Safety, so there is no trial evidence that it reduces anxiety. Its calming use rests on polyvagal theory and Somatic Experiencing tradition, which makes it plausible but not demonstrated.

No. The references retrieved for this record concern unrelated areas such as spatial navigation and addiction treatment, and none measured Orienting to Safety, its mechanisms, or anxiety outcomes. What supports the practice is theory and clinical lineage, Stephen Porges's Polyvagal Theory and Peter Levine's Somatic Experiencing, rather than controlled trials. That makes its calming and grounding effects reasonable in theory but not yet demonstrated, so it is best approached as an emerging, theory-based support rather than a proven treatment for anxiety or a replacement for clinical care.

How does noticing my surroundings calm my nervous system?

The proposed pathway is neuroception, your nervous system's automatic, below-conscious scan for danger or safety. Taking in real signs of safety is thought to let that scan register enough safety to invite a shift toward the body's rest-and-connect state. This is a framework hypothesis, not a measured effect.

The proposed pathway is neuroception, the way the nervous system continuously checks its surroundings for threat or safety beneath conscious awareness. Supplying deliberate safety cues is thought to tip that scan toward ventral vagal engagement, the socially connected, rest-and-recovery state, so a person feels less locked in high alert. Noticing how your body responds is also framed as building interoceptive awareness, the skill of reading internal signals like slowing breath or softening muscles. These are process ideas drawn from the practice's own framework (Porges, Levine), not effects measured in the references gathered for this page.

What might I feel in my body during Orienting to Safety?

Often a slower, deeper breath, a softening in the shoulders and jaw, a sense of weight settling, and thoughts losing some urgency. These are commonly reported and predicted by the practice's framework rather than measured readings, and experiences vary: some feel activation, numbness, or no shift at first.

Often people notice the breath slow and deepen, the shoulders and jaw soften, a sense of weight settling into the seat, and mental spinning easing as the room begins to register as safe. Polyvagal theory frames these as a move toward ventral vagal engagement, the rest-and-recovery side of the nervous system, but that shift was not tracked in the studies gathered for this page, so treat it as expected rather than measured. Responses differ: some feel steadier within a single session while for others the change is subtle and builds with repeated practice, and a few find that turning attention toward safety feels activating or numb at first, which is worth taking slowly.

Is Orienting to Safety safe if I have a trauma history?

Usually, with care. Orienting to Safety is generally low-risk, but with a trauma history, scanning for safety or turning attention inward can feel activating before it settles. Go slowly, orient to the room first, keep an exit ramp, and lean on trauma-informed support; it is not a substitute for professional care in acute distress.

Usually, with care. For most people this is a gentle practice, but if you carry a trauma history, deliberately scanning for safety cues can heighten arousal, a keyed-up, on-edge feeling, or bring a numb, checked-out quality before it brings calm, and safety cues may not land at first. The practical approach is to start by orienting to the room rather than inward, work in small doses, and stop or reorient to your feet and surroundings if distress climbs. This caution reflects how the technique is taught within Polyvagal-informed and Somatic Experiencing work rather than measured safety data, since no studies of this specific practice were found in the evidence gathered here. If trauma, dissociation, or acute distress is present, work with a trauma-informed practitioner and treat this as a support, not a replacement for professional care.

What should I do if the practice makes me feel more anxious or numb?

Slow down or stop. If anxiety climbs or you feel numb or checked-out, pause, take in the room, feel your feet on the floor, and reorient to something neutral and present. Work in small doses, and if you have a trauma history or feel acutely distressed, pace it with a trauma-informed practitioner rather than pushing through.

Slow down or stop. Stepping out of the practice when it feels like too much is a skillful choice, not a failure. If tension rises, or a numb, detached quality sets in and cues of safety will not land, ease off, look around the room, feel the weight of your feet on the floor, and let your attention rest on something ordinary and present. Notice safety in small doses rather than forcing a calm feeling. If you have a trauma history, tend to dissociate, or are in acute distress, work with a trauma-informed practitioner and treat this as a support for regulation, not a replacement for professional care. This is practice-informed guidance drawn from how the technique is taught, not from measured safety data.

How do I start Orienting to Safety on my own?

Start with the room, not your body: let your eyes move gently and settle on something ordinary and supportive, like a doorway or a solid wall. Keep your eyes open, notice one cue of safety at a time slowly, and let any softening register on its own without forcing it. If tension or numbness rises, slow down or stop and reorient to something neutral and present.

Begin by orienting outward, which is a lower-threat entry point than turning attention straight inward. Notice one supportive feature of the space at a time, pausing between them rather than scanning intensely or trying to force calm, and treat any slower breath or settling weight as something to observe, not produce. Keep an exit ramp: if you feel tension climbing or a numb, checked-out quality, stop, feel your feet on the floor, and take in the room. These are practice-informed steps drawn from how the technique is taught within Polyvagal-informed and Somatic Experiencing work, not tested outcomes, and trauma-informed support is wise if you have a trauma history, dissociate, or are in acute distress.

What's the difference between Orienting to Safety and 5-4-3-2-1 grounding?

The main difference is structure and focus. 5-4-3-2-1 is a fixed drill where you name a set count of things you see, hear, touch, smell, and taste, while Orienting to Safety is open-ended and leans your attention toward cues that read as safe rather than cataloguing whatever is present.

The main difference is structure and focus. Both use sensory attention to help settle an activated body, but 5-4-3-2-1 grounding is a structured drill in which you name a fixed count of things across each sense. Orienting to Safety is open-ended, letting your eyes move and settle wherever a cue of safety draws them, and it deliberately favours signals that read as safe rather than tallying whatever is around you. This is a difference in practice form only; no head-to-head study compares them, so neither is shown here to work better than the other.

Window of tolerance

The range of arousal in which a person can stay present and think clearly without tipping into overwhelm or shutdown; practices that signal safety aim to widen it.

The optimal zone of autonomic arousal for integrated functioning, bounded by hyperarousal and hypoarousal states.

Somatic Experiencing

A body-focused approach to trauma developed by Peter Levine that helps the nervous system move out of defensive states; sensory orienting is one of its established techniques.

A trauma treatment method (Levine, 2010) working with autonomic activation, discharge, and pendulation, described in the technique's own framework rather than verified within this record's reference set.

[3]other peer reviewed

Jimmy Y. Zhong, Scott D. Moffat (2016). Age-Related Differences in Associative Learning of Landmarks and Heading Directions in a Virtual Navigation Task. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2016.00122

DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00122

Cited in: –

[4]other peer reviewed

Nora D. Volkow, Vladimir Poznyak, Shekhar Saxena, Gilberto Gerra, UNODC‐WHO Informal International Scientific Network (2017). Drug use disorders: impact of a public health rather than a criminal justice approach. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20428

DOI: 10.1002/wps.20428

Cited in: –

[5]other peer reviewed

Hsuan Hsuan Chang (2012). Wayfinding Strategies and Tourist Anxiety in Unfamiliar Destinations. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2012.726270

DOI: 10.1080/14616688.2012.726270

Cited in: –

[6]other peer reviewed

Lawrence O. Gostin (2007). Biomedical Research Involving Prisoners. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.297.7.737

DOI: 10.1001/jama.297.7.737

Cited in: –

[7]other peer reviewed

Alycia M. Hund, Jennifer L. Minarik (2006). Getting From Here to There: Spatial Anxiety, Wayfinding Strategies, Direction Type, and Wayfinding Efficiency. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15427633scc0603_1

DOI: 10.1207/s15427633scc0603_1

Cited in: –

[8]other peer reviewed

Helen Davis, Elizabeth Cashdan (2019). Spatial cognition, navigation, and mobility among children in a forager-horticulturalist population, the Tsimané of Bolivia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2019.100800

DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2019.100800

Cited in: –

[9]other peer reviewed

Carol Lawton (1996). STRATEGIES FOR INDOOR WAYFINDING: THE ROLE OF ORIENTATION. https://doi.org/10.1006/jevp.1996.0011

DOI: 10.1006/jevp.1996.0011

Cited in: –

[10]other peer reviewed

Daniela Alvarez-Vargas, Carla Abad, Shannon M. Pruden (2020). Spatial anxiety mediates the sex difference in adult mental rotation test performance. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-020-00231-8

DOI: 10.1186/s41235-020-00231-8

Cited in: –

[11]other peer reviewed

Robert Hester, Hugh Garavan (2004). Executive Dysfunction in Cocaine Addiction: Evidence for Discordant Frontal, Cingulate, and Cerebellar Activity. https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.3321-04.2004

DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3321-04.2004

Cited in: –

[12]book or historical source

Diane F. Halpern (2000). Sex Differences in Cognitive Abilities. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410605290

DOI: 10.4324/9781410605290

Cited in: –

[13]other peer reviewed

Marcus A. Gray, Hugo Critchley (2007). Interoceptive Basis to Craving. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.03.024

DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2007.03.024

Cited in: –

[14]other peer reviewed

Sandra D. Comer, Maria A. Sullivan, Elmer Yu, Jami L. Rothenberg, Herbert D. Kleber, Kyle Kampman (2006). Injectable, Sustained-Release Naltrexone for the Treatment of Opioid Dependence. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.63.2.210

DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.63.2.210

Cited in: –

[15]other peer reviewed

W. Huw Williams, Giray Cordan, Avril J. Mewse, James Tonks, Crispin N. W. Burgess (2010). Self-reported traumatic brain injury in male young offenders: A risk factor for re-offending, poor mental health and violence?. https://doi.org/10.1080/09602011.2010.519613

DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2010.519613

Cited in: –

[16]systematic review

Coulton Simon, Nizalova Olena, Pellatt-Higgins Tracy, Stevens Alex, Hendrie Nadine, Marchand Catherine (2023). A multicomponent psychosocial intervention to reduce substance use by adolescents involved in the criminal justice system: the RISKIT-CJS RCT.. https://doi.org/10.3310/fkpy6814

DOI: 10.3310/fkpy6814

Cited in: –

[17]other peer reviewed

Olympia Kremmyda, Katharina Hüfner, Virginia L. Flanagin, Derek A. Hamilton, Jennifer Linn, Michael Strupp (2016). Beyond Dizziness: Virtual Navigation, Spatial Anxiety and Hippocampal Volume in Bilateral Vestibulopathy. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00139

DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00139

Cited in: –

[18]other peer reviewed

Ray Rashawn, Gilbert Keon (2026). The Carceral Shadow: Criminal Justice as a Determinant of Health and Challenges for Policymakers.. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.70095

DOI: 10.1111/1468-0009.70095

Cited in: –

[19]other peer reviewed

Lesley K. Fellows (2007). The Role of Orbitofrontal Cortex in Decision Making. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1401.023

DOI: 10.1196/annals.1401.023

Cited in: –

[20]other peer reviewed

Linda A. Teplin, Leah J. Welty, Karen M. Abram, Mina K. Dulcan, Jason J. Washburn (2012). Prevalence and Persistence of Psychiatric Disorders in Youth After Detention. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2062

DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2062

Cited in: –

[21]other peer reviewed

Lara-Britt Zomer, Florian Schneider, Danique Ton, Sascha Hoogendoorn-Lanser, Dorine C. Duives, Oded Cats (2019). Determinants of urban wayfinding styles. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tbs.2019.07.002

DOI: 10.1016/j.tbs.2019.07.002

Cited in: –

[22]other peer reviewed

Strange C Clare, Manchak Sarah M, Hyatt Jordan M, Haberman Cory, Desai Alisha (2021). PROTOCOL: Opioid-specific medication-assisted therapy and its impact on criminal justice and overdose outcomes.. https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1138

DOI: 10.1002/cl2.1138

Cited in: –

[23]other peer reviewed

Catharine A. Winstanley (2007). The Orbitofrontal Cortex, Impulsivity, and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1401.024

DOI: 10.1196/annals.1401.024

Cited in: –

[24]randomized controlled trial

Bankole A. Johnson (2007). Topiramate for Treating Alcohol Dependence<SUBTITLE>A Randomized Controlled Trial</SUBTITLE>. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.14.1641

DOI: 10.1001/jama.298.14.1641

Cited in: –

[25]other peer reviewed

Stephanie Riger, Margaret Gordon (1981). The Fear of Rape: A Study in Social Control. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1981.tb01071.x

DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1981.tb01071.x

Cited in: –

[26]other peer reviewed

Redonna K. Chandler, Bennett W. Fletcher, Nora D. Volkow, Chandler Redonna K, Fletcher Bennett W, Volkow Nora D (2009). Treating drug abuse and addiction in the criminal justice system: improving public health and safety.. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2008.976

DOI: 10.1001/jama.2008.976

Cited in: –

[27]other peer reviewed

Taylor Jirka, Jamakandi Shriya, Saloner Brendan (2026). Ethical tensions in legally mandated substance use treatment: A scoping review of participant perspectives.. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.70394

DOI: 10.1111/add.70394

Cited in: –

[28]other peer reviewed

Peters Roger H, Young M Scott, Rojas Elizabeth C, Gorey Claire M, Roger H. Peters, M. Scott Young (2017). Evidence-based treatment and supervision practices for co-occurring mental and substance use disorders in the criminal justice system.. https://doi.org/10.1080/00952990.2017.1303838

DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2017.1303838

Cited in: –

[29]other peer reviewed

Emily A. Wang, Clemens S. Hong, Shira Shavit, Ronald C. Sanders, Eric Kessell, Margot Kushel (2012). Engaging Individuals Recently Released From Prison Into Primary Care: A Randomized Trial. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2012.300894

DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2012.300894

Cited in: –

[30]other peer reviewed

Peter W. Kalivas, Nora D. Volkow (2005). The Neural Basis of Addiction: A Pathology of Motivation and Choice. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1403

DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.8.1403

Cited in: –

[31]other peer reviewed

Sandra A. Springer, Jingjun Qiu, Ali Shabahang Saber-Tehrani, Frederick L. Altice (2012). Retention on Buprenorphine Is Associated with High Levels of Maximal Viral Suppression among HIV-Infected Opioid Dependent Released Prisoners. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038335

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038335

Cited in: –

[32]other peer reviewed

Kendall Bryant (1982). Personality correlates of sense of direction and geographic orientation.. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.43.6.1318

DOI: 10.1037//0022-3514.43.6.1318

Cited in: –

[33]other peer reviewed

Andrew S. Huhn, J. Gregory Hobelmann, Justin C. Strickland, George A. Oyler, Cecilia L. Bergeria, Annie Umbricht (2020). Differences in Availability and Use of Medications for Opioid Use Disorder in Residential Treatment Settings in the United States. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.20843

DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.20843

Cited in: –

[34]other peer reviewed

Michelle R. Lofwall, Sharon Walsh, Edward V. Nunes, Genie L. Bailey, Stacey C. Sigmon, Kyle M. Kampman (2018). Weekly and Monthly Subcutaneous Buprenorphine Depot Formulations vs Daily Sublingual Buprenorphine With Naloxone for Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.1052

DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.1052

Cited in: –

[35]other peer reviewed

Aaron D. Fox, Jeronimo Maradiaga, Linda Weiss, Jennifer Sánchez, Joanna L. Starrels, Chinazo O. Cunningham (2015). Release from incarceration, relapse to opioid use and the potential for buprenorphine maintenance treatment: a qualitative study of the perceptions of former inmates with opioid use disorder. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13722-014-0023-0

DOI: 10.1186/s13722-014-0023-0

Cited in: –

[36]other peer reviewed

Winkelman Tyler N A, Chang Virginia W, Binswanger Ingrid A (2018). Health, Polysubstance Use, and Criminal Justice Involvement Among Adults With Varying Levels of Opioid Use.. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.0558

DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.0558

Cited in: –

[37]other peer reviewed

Holland Tim, O'Donnell And Tiffany (2026). Rethinking Mandated Drug Treatment: Why Expanding Freedom Requires Structural Drug Policy Reform.. https://doi.org/10.1002/hast.70061

DOI: 10.1002/hast.70061

Cited in: –

[38]other peer reviewed

Shannon Gwin Mitchell, Jennifer Willet, Laura B. Monico, Amy James, Danielle S. Rudes, Jill Viglioni (2016). Community Correctional Agents’ Views of Medication-Assisted Treatment: Examining Their Influence on Treatment Referrals and Community Supervision Practices. https://doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2015.1129389

DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2015.1129389

Cited in: –

[39]other peer reviewed

Kathryn E. McCollister, Michael T. French, Michael Prendergast, Elizabeth Hall, Stan Sacks (2004). Long-term cost effectiveness of addiction treatment for criminal offenders. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820400095941

DOI: 10.1080/07418820400095941

Cited in: –

[40]other peer reviewed

Chuanxiuyue He, Mary Hegarty (2020). How anxiety and growth mindset are linked to navigation ability: Impacts of exploration and GPS use. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101475

DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101475

Cited in: –

[41]other peer reviewed

Joshua D. Lee, Peter D. Friedmann, Timothy W. Kinlock, Edward V. Nunes, Tamara Y. Boney, Randall Hoskinson (2016). Extended-Release Naltrexone to Prevent Opioid Relapse in Criminal Justice Offenders. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1505409

DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1505409

Cited in: –

[42]other peer reviewed

Edward K. Sadalla, Daniel R. Montello (1989). Remembering Changes in Direction. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916589213006

DOI: 10.1177/0013916589213006

Cited in: –

[43]other peer reviewed

Jaimie P. Meyer, Javier Cepeda, Johnny Wu, Robert L. Trestman, Frederick L. Altice, Sandra A. Springer (2014). Optimization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Treatment During Incarceration. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.601

DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.601

Cited in: –

[44]other peer reviewed

O'Neil Meghan M, Johnson Rebecca A, Córdova David, Pryor Jenna, Pinals Debra A (2023). A legal dispute resolution intervention for patients with substance use disorders: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15296-5

DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15296-5

Cited in: –

[45]other peer reviewed

Patrick A. Langan, David J. Levin (2002). Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1994. https://doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2002.15.1.58

DOI: 10.1525/fsr.2002.15.1.58

Cited in: –

[46]other peer reviewed

Zheng Chang, Paul Lichtenstein, Niklas Långström, Henrik Larsson, Seena Fazel (2016). Association Between Prescription of Major Psychotropic Medications and Violent Reoffending After Prison Release. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.15380

DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.15380

Cited in: –

[47]other peer reviewed

Zgierska Aleksandra E, White Veronica M, Balles Joseph, Nelson Cory, Freedman Jason, Nguyen Thao H (2021). Pre-arrest diversion to addiction treatment by law enforcement: protocol for the community-level policing initiative to reduce addiction-related harm, including crime.. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40352-021-00134-w

DOI: 10.1186/s40352-021-00134-w

Cited in: –

[48]other peer reviewed

Michael Peer, Iva K. Brunec, Nora S. Newcombe, Russell A. Epstein (2020). Structuring Knowledge with Cognitive Maps and Cognitive Graphs. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2020.10.004

DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2020.10.004

Cited in: –

[49]systematic review

Hennessy Emily A, Tanner-Smith Emily E, Finch Andrew J, Sathe Nila, Kugley Shannon (2018). Recovery schools for improving behavioral and academic outcomes among students in recovery from substance use disorders: a systematic review.. https://doi.org/10.4073/csr.2018.9

DOI: 10.4073/csr.2018.9

Cited in: –

[50]other peer reviewed

Seena Fazel, Zheng Chang, Thomas Fanshawe, Niklas Långström, Paul Lichtenstein, Henrik Larsson (2016). Prediction of violent reoffending on release from prison: derivation and external validation of a scalable tool. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2215-0366(16)00103-6

DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(16)00103-6

Cited in: –