Somatic & Body Based

What is Boundary Awareness?

Boundary Awareness is a somatic practice of sensing your personal space, edges, and felt sense of containment, noticing where your body ends and the surrounding environment begins and whether that boundary feels intact, permeable, or compromised.

Indirect Evidence

Last Updated

4 Jul 2026

We are still reviewing this page. Our research team checks every technique page for accuracy and evidence quality before final release. Details may change as that review completes. The evidence badge shows our current reading of the published research.

RECOMMENDED DOSE

How Much Should You Practise?

No direct dose-response literature exists for this technique. These recommendations are based on general practice conventions for reflective awareness practices and should be treated as starting points only. No direct dose evidence; editorial synthesis.

No direct dose-response literature exists for this technique. This modest step up from the beginner level reflects general practice conventions for awareness-based practices and should be treated as a starting point only. No direct dose evidence; editorial synthesis.

No direct dose-response literature exists for this technique. This maintenance-level range is inferred from general practice conventions for established awareness practices and should be treated as a starting point only. No direct dose evidence; editorial synthesis.

Session length

Session length: 5–10 minutes

MIN

How long each individual practice session should last from start to finish.

Frequency

Frequency: 3–4 days

DAYS

The number of days per week to fit a session into your routine.

Session length

Session length: 10–20 minutes

MIN

How long each individual practice session should last from start to finish.

Frequency

Frequency: 4–5 days

DAYS

The number of days per week to fit a session into your routine.

Session length

Session length: 20–30 minutes

MIN

How long each individual practice session should last from start to finish.

Frequency

Frequency: 5–7 days

DAYS

The number of days per week to fit a session into your routine.

About this card. These recommendations are not a substitute for personalised guidance from a qualified practitioner. No direct dose-response literature exists for this technique, so all figures are conservative starting points based on general practice conventions rather than trial evidence.

Related Techniques to Boundary Awareness

Capacity Building Practice

Common questions about Boundary Awareness

Quick answers to what people most often ask. Each card links to the deeper section below.

evidence

What does the research say about Boundary Awareness?

No controlled trials have tested Boundary Awareness directly; its support comes from trauma therapists who describe restoring a felt sense of edges and containment as part of recovery. It sits within established somatic approaches like Sensorimotor Psychotherapy and Somatic Experiencing, so read the evidence as clinically endorsed and plausible, not confirmed.

good for

Who is Boundary Awareness good for?

Adults who feel flooded, ungrounded, or unsure where they end and other people begin may find Boundary Awareness helpful for rebuilding a felt sense of safety and containment, often within trauma recovery. It offers steadier grounding and a clearer sense of your own space, not a standalone treatment for any diagnosed condition.

safety

Is Boundary Awareness safe?

Most healthy adults can practise Boundary Awareness safely, and attention to the body's edges usually feels settling. People with trauma histories, a tendency to dissociate, or low tolerance for internal body sensation should approach with care and, ideally, a trauma-informed practitioner. Keep sessions small and slow; stop anytime distress climbs. No adverse events have been measured.

how it works

How does Boundary Awareness work?

Boundary Awareness is thought to work by sharpening the body's felt reading of its own edges through interoception, the sense of internal signals like breath and tension, and proprioception, the sense of where the body sits in space. Together these are described as building somatic resourcing, a steady bodily home base to return to when overwhelmed.

For clinicians, researchers, and curious readers

What's in a session?

How does it work?

What does it do to the body?

What is it used for?

What does the research say?

Where does it come from?

Is it safe?Who should practise with care?How to practise safely?

How does it compare?

What does a Boundary Awareness session involve?

Boundary Awareness is a body-based practice of sensing your personal space, edges, and felt sense of containment, noticing where your body ends and the environment begins and whether that boundary feels intact, permeable, or compromised.

Practice is slow and attention-led. You bring awareness to the felt edge between your body and the surrounding space, reading the muscular tension, postural shifts, and spacing that quietly express personal limits. Guidance usually moves in small graded steps and alternates between rising activation and a settling body-based resource, so the work stays within a manageable range. It is typically done with a trauma-informed practitioner, especially where trauma, dissociation, or strong distress may surface.

Boundary Awareness is not cognitive boundary-setting, the verbal work of deciding and stating limits; its focus is the body's felt experience of containment rather than the words used to assert a limit. It is also narrower than general body awareness or a body scan, because the attention is specifically relational and spatial, centred on where you end and others or the environment begin. It sits within trauma-focused somatic therapy and is not a standalone trauma treatment or a substitute for clinical care.

Not to be confused with

General body scan or body-awareness practice

A body scan sweeps attention through the whole body to notice sensation broadly. Boundary Awareness focuses specifically on the felt edge between self and surrounding space, and on whether that edge feels intact, permeable, or compromised.

Personal-space or interpersonal-distance concepts (proxemics)

Proxemics describes the physical distances people keep as a social and cultural pattern. Boundary Awareness is an inward, felt practice of sensing your own bodily edges and containment, not a study of how far apart people stand.

Boundary awareness in computer vision or image segmentation

The same phrase appears in engineering research about detecting object edges in images. That work is unrelated to this body-based practice and shares only the wording, not the meaning.

How does Boundary Awareness work?

Boundary Awareness is thought to work by sharpening the body's felt reading of its own edges through three linked processes described in somatic therapy. The first is interoception, the sense that reads internal signals like breath movement, tension, and temperature; practitioners describe it as catching a stress cue earlier and feeling more clearly present. Alongside it works proprioception, which tracks where the body sits and moves in space and gives a steadier feel for balance and the room you occupy. Over time these build somatic resourcing. This is a body-based home base of steadiness you can return to when things feel like too much. These pathways come from clinical traditions such as Sensorimotor Psychotherapy and Somatic Experiencing, not from trials that measured them during this practice, so they are best read as proposed rather than confirmed.

Possible Mechanisms

Interoceptive Awareness

A hazy sense of not knowing where you end and other people begin can start to settle as Boundary Awareness sharpens interoception, the felt reading of internal signals like breath movement, tension, temperature, and the pull of an urge. People often describe catching a stress cue earlier and feeling more clearly present in the body, with a steadier read on when a personal limit is being approached.

Proprioceptive Awareness

Sensing where your body ends and the surrounding space begins can leave you feeling more physically present, with steadier balance and a clearer sense of the space you occupy. That shift sharpens proprioception, the body's internal sense of its own position and movement through receptors in muscles, joints, and tendons. This is an early, practice-described account of how Boundary Awareness may work, not an effect measured in controlled studies.

Somatic Resourcing

When everything feels like too much, somatic resourcing gives the body a home base to come back to: a felt sense of safety, steadiness, or containment you can find again. In Boundary Awareness, sensing where your body ends and the space around you begins can help build that steadier reference point, so returning to it under stress becomes more possible.

What does Boundary Awareness do to the body?

Boundary Awareness is proposed to shift attention toward internal and spatial signals, though these changes have not been measured directly for this practice. In somatic-therapy accounts, sensing your edges is linked to steadier autonomic balance, a settling of the fight-or-flight surge that can feel like slower breath, less bracing in the muscles, and a widening of what the body can tolerate before overwhelm. Practitioners often describe warmth, a sense of weight and solidity, or a quiet feeling of being contained. Because the supporting evidence is clinical description rather than physiological measurement, treat these as expected sensations rather than documented bodily effects.

What is Boundary Awareness used for?

Emerging, practice-based support points to Boundary Awareness for groundedness, felt safety, stronger boundaries, and a clearer sense of embodiment, especially as part of trauma recovery. These outcomes are described within trauma-focused somatic therapies such as Sensorimotor Psychotherapy and Somatic Experiencing rather than measured in controlled studies. What is not yet supported: randomised trials, effect sizes, long-term follow-up, or any claim that the practice treats a diagnosed condition on its own. Read the current picture as clinically endorsed and plausible, not established by outcome research.

What does the research say about Boundary Awareness?

Boundary Awareness has not been tested in trials of its own; its support comes from how trauma therapists describe and use it. It sits inside established somatic approaches such as Sensorimotor Psychotherapy and Somatic Experiencing, where restoring a felt sense of edges and containment is treated as part of recovery, and body-based trauma reviews reference it. No randomised or controlled studies in the available evidence measure its outcomes, and an automated literature search mostly surfaced unrelated engineering work that happens to share the phrase boundary awareness. The fair reading is early and practice-based: clinically endorsed and plausible, but not yet confirmed by outcome studies.

Support is clinical description rather than controlled research, and participant groups vary. Treat the picture as general guidance rather than a promise about any single session, and not a replacement for clinical care.

Read the full reference list

Where does Boundary Awareness come from?

Boundary Awareness comes from trauma-focused somatic traditions, notably Sensorimotor Psychotherapy and Somatic Experiencing, where restoring the body's felt sense of edges and containment is treated as fundamental to trauma recovery, and Fisher's 2017 review of body-based trauma approaches includes it. These roots help explain the practice's form, its slow, relational-spatial focus on where the body ends and the environment begins, rather than proving a clinical effect.

Is Boundary Awareness safe?

For most healthy adults, Boundary Awareness is a gentle, low-risk practice, and turning attention to the body's edges usually feels settling rather than distressing. A few situations call for more care. For people carrying trauma, sensing personal space and inner signals can surface strong or unexpected sensations instead of calm, a caution drawn from clinical practice in trauma-focused somatic therapy, not from safety trials. Noticing internal body sensations like tension, temperature, or breath movement, what practitioners call interoceptive attention, can also feel disorienting for anyone prone to dissociation, the sense of drifting out of contact with the body. When that risk is present, the practice works best kept small and slowly paced.

Who should practise with care?

People with trauma histories, a tendency to dissociate, or low tolerance for internal body sensation should approach Boundary Awareness with extra care and, where possible, the support of a trauma-informed practitioner. This caution comes from somatic clinical frameworks such as Sensorimotor Psychotherapy and Somatic Experiencing rather than from a safety trial, no study has measured adverse effects of this practice directly. Anyone in acute distress, or living with a severe dissociative or psychotic condition, is best served working alongside a qualified mental-health professional rather than practising alone.

Trauma history

lowpractice-informed

If you carry a trauma history, sensing personal space and inner signals can surface strong or unexpected sensation instead of calm. Keep sessions short and slowly paced, take in a small amount of sensation at a time (titration), and where possible work alongside a trauma-informed practitioner. This caution comes from clinical practice in trauma-focused somatic therapy such as Sensorimotor Psychotherapy and Somatic Experiencing, not from safety trials.

Tendency to dissociate

lowpractice-informed

How does Boundary Awareness compare to similar techniques?

Technique	Best for	Use with care	Evidence strength	Distinction
Somatic Experiencing	Working through trauma activation and incomplete stress responses with a trained practitioner.	Best undertaken with a trained practitioner when trauma is active, rather than as a self-guided quick fix.	moderate EVIDENCE	Somatic Experiencing is a complete trauma therapy that helps the nervous system release and complete thwarted survival responses across the whole body. Boundary Awareness is one component practice within that tradition, narrowed here to the specific skill of sensing personal-space edges and the felt sense of containment.
Sensorimotor Psychotherapy	Structured trauma and attachment work that combines somatic tracking with talking therapy.	Delivered by trained clinicians; choose it over standalone boundary work when trauma processing needs clinical containment.	emerging EVIDENCE

Glossary

Interoception

The body's ability to sense and interpret its own internal signals, such as breath movement, heartbeat cues, tension, temperature, and urges. Strengthening it usually means noticing these states sooner and reading them more accurately.

Visceral afferent processing: the detection and interpretation of internal bodily states, associated with insular cortex activity.

Proprioception

The body's internal sense of its own position and movement, signalled by receptors in the muscles, joints, and tendons. It shows up as steadier balance and a clearer sense of the space you occupy.

Kinesthetic awareness of body position and movement mediated by proprioceptive receptors in muscles, joints, and tendons.

Somatic resourcing

Building a body-based sense of safety, strength, or calm that you can deliberately return to when you feel overwhelmed, like knowing where your edges are and being able to settle back into them.

The mobilisation and anchoring of felt-sense states into an accessible whole-body reference point usable during dysregulation, distinct from anchoring attention to a conceptual target.

Window of tolerance

The range of emotional and physical arousal in which a person can stay present and think clearly without becoming overwhelmed or shut down. Practices like this one aim to widen that comfortable range.

Felt sense

The direct, bodily way of knowing something before it becomes words, such as a subtle sense of tightening, ease, or where your edges are. Boundary Awareness works largely at this level.

Containment

The bodily experience of feeling held together and protected within your own edges, rather than porous or flooded by what is around you.

Titration

Working with small, graded amounts of a sensation or emotion at a time, so attention can stay manageable instead of tipping into overwhelm.

Full References

[1]other peer reviewed

Wenge Xu, Hai-Ning Liang, Yuzheng Chen, Xiang Li, Kangyou Yu (2020). Exploring Visual Techniques for Boundary Awareness During Interaction in Augmented Reality Head-Mounted Displays. https://doi.org/10.1109/vr46266.2020.1581268453415

DOI: 10.1109/vr46266.2020.1581268453415

Cited in: –

[2]other peer reviewed

Chao You, Licheng Jiao, Xu Liu, Lingling Li, Fang Liu, Wenping Ma (2023). Boundary-Aware Multiscale Learning Perception for Remote Sensing Image Segmentation. https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3300706

DOI: 10.1109/tgrs.2023.3300706

Cited in: –

Noticing internal body sensations like tension, temperature, or breath movement can feel disorienting for anyone prone to dissociation, the sense of drifting out of contact with the body. When that risk is present, keep the practice small and slowly paced, hold a steady felt resource to return to, and stop if you feel yourself drifting from the room. No study has measured adverse effects of this practice directly.

Acute distress or severe dissociative and psychotic conditions

lowpractice-informed

Anyone in acute distress, or living with a severe dissociative or psychotic condition, is best served working alongside a qualified mental-health professional rather than practising alone. Boundary Awareness is not a substitute for clinical care when trauma, dissociation, or acute distress are severe.

How to practise safely?

Boundary Awareness is best approached gently and in small doses, treating brief moments of attention to your body's edges as enough rather than something to push through. A sensible starting format keeps the pace slow and stays anchored to a steady, neutral place in the body you can return to whenever inner attention starts to feel unsettling. If you carry a trauma history, tend to dissociate, or find internal sensation hard to tolerate, this practice sits more safely alongside a trauma-informed guide than done alone.

Start small and go slowly

Begin with brief moments of attention to your body's edges. This graded approach, called titration, means taking in a small, manageable amount of sensation at a time rather than flooding yourself. If sensing your whole boundary feels like too much, notice just one point of contact, such as your feet on the floor.

Keep a felt resource within reach

Before you explore your edges, find one place in the body that feels neutral or steady. That gives you a home base to return to if attention inward starts to feel unsettling rather than grounding.

Watch for signs of overwhelm

Pause if you notice your heart racing, your breath tightening, a wave of strong emotion, or a sense of drifting away from the room. These are cues that your arousal has climbed past a comfortable, workable range.

Move between sensing and settling

If a boundary feels compromised or activating, gently shift attention back to your steady resource, then return, alternating between the two. This back-and-forth, known as pendulation, keeps the work within a range you can tolerate.

Work with a trauma-informed guide when needed

If you carry a trauma history, dissociate, or find inner attention consistently overwhelming, practise alongside a qualified trauma-informed practitioner who can help you pace the work and step back when required.

Give yourself permission to stop

You can end at any time. Open your eyes, look around the room, feel your feet, and let the practice go for the day rather than pushing through distress.

Medical Disclaimer

This information is educational and is not medical advice. This practice is not a substitute for professional care and should not replace prescribed medication or treatment for any medical or mental-health condition. If you are managing a health condition or taking medication, talk with a qualified health professional before changing your practice. If you are in distress or crisis, seek professional support.

Does Boundary Awareness actually work, or is it just an idea?

It is plausible and clinically used but not yet confirmed by outcome research. Boundary Awareness hasn't been tested in trials of its own; its support comes from how trauma therapists describe and use it within somatic traditions, not from controlled studies measuring what it does.

Boundary Awareness is suggestive rather than demonstrated, plausible and clinically used, but not yet shown to work in trials. It is a body-based way of sensing your personal space and felt sense of containment, drawn from trauma-focused somatic traditions such as Sensorimotor Psychotherapy and Somatic Experiencing, where restoring a felt sense of edges is treated as part of recovery. No randomized or controlled studies in the available evidence measure its outcomes, and an automated literature search mostly surfaced unrelated engineering work that happens to share the name. The fair reading is early and practice-based, not established by outcome data.

Are there any studies proving Boundary Awareness helps with trauma?

Not yet. No randomized or controlled trials have tested Boundary Awareness for trauma. Its support is clinical description within trauma-focused somatic traditions like Sensorimotor Psychotherapy and Somatic Experiencing, not outcome research, so treat it as plausible rather than proven.

Not yet. No randomized trials, effect sizes, or controlled studies in the available evidence test Boundary Awareness as a standalone trauma treatment. Its support is source-context: trauma-focused somatic therapies such as Sensorimotor Psychotherapy and Somatic Experiencing describe and use it, and body-based trauma reviews reference it, treating the sensing of edges and containment as part of recovery. An automated literature search mostly surfaced unrelated computer-vision work sharing the name, so treat the practice as plausible rather than proven.

How can just sensing your edges calm your nervous system?

The proposed pathway is that noticing your body's edges engages three processes, interoception, your reading of internal signals; proprioception, your sense of position in space; and somatic resourcing, a felt home base of steadiness, which somatic therapists say supports autonomic settling. This is drawn from clinical tradition, not measured for this practice.

Somatic therapists propose that sensing where your body ends and the room begins works through three linked processes. Interoception, your reading of internal signals like breath, tension, and temperature, may sharpen so you catch a stress cue earlier. Proprioception, your internal sense of position and balance, can steady, giving a firmer feel for the space you occupy. And somatic resourcing builds a body-based reference point of steadiness you can return to when things feel like too much. Together these are described as easing the fight-or-flight surge and widening your window of tolerance, the range in which you can stay present without becoming overwhelmed. These pathways come from clinical tradition rather than measurement during this practice, so read them as plausible, not confirmed. This is not a treatment or a substitute for clinical care.

What might I feel in my body during a Boundary Awareness session?

Most people notice a clearer sense of where their body ends and the space around them begins, steadier balance, and a feeling of being more solidly present. Some feel warmth, weight, or a settling of restlessness. These are anticipated sensations described in somatic practice, not measured bodily effects.

Most people describe a sharper felt sense of their own edges, steadier balance, and a quiet sense of being contained within their own space. Some notice warmth, a feeling of weight or solidity, or restlessness easing. For others, turning attention inward can stir up strong or unexpected sensation, which is why the practice is kept slow and paced. These are expected felt experiences drawn from trauma-informed somatic description, not physiological effects measured for this practice.

Is Boundary Awareness safe if I have a trauma history or tend to dissociate?

Use care. If you carry trauma or tend to dissociate, drift out of contact with your body, sensing your edges and inner signals can surface strong or disorienting sensation rather than calm, so keep sessions small, slow, and paced, ideally with a trauma-informed practitioner. This is a practice-informed caution, not a proven-safe finding.

Use care. For most healthy adults Boundary Awareness is gentle and low-risk, but turning attention to internal and spatial signals can feel destabilising if you carry a trauma history or tend to dissociate, drifting out of contact with your body. The safety-first approach is to take in a small, manageable amount of sensation at a time, called titration, and to move between an activating edge and a steady felt resource, called pendulation, keeping the work short and slow. No trial has measured adverse effects of this specific practice; the caution comes from trauma-focused somatic frameworks such as Sensorimotor Psychotherapy and Somatic Experiencing. It is not a substitute for care in severe dissociative, psychotic, or acute-distress states, where working alongside a qualified mental-health professional is safest.

What should I do if the practice starts to feel overwhelming?

Stop and steady yourself. Shift attention to one calm, neutral spot in your body, open your eyes, and feel your feet on the floor. Keep future attention small, and if overwhelm keeps happening, work with a trauma-informed practitioner. This is practice-informed guidance from somatic therapy, not a tested safety finding.

Stop and settle rather than pushing through. If your heart races, your breath tightens, strong emotion rises, or you feel like you are drifting out of the room, move your attention to a steady felt resource, one body spot that feels neutral or calm, and alternate gently between it and any activating sensation, a pacing technique called pendulation. Keep attention to your edges small and slow, called titration, and end anytime by opening your eyes and grounding through your feet. These steps come from trauma-focused somatic therapy as practice-informed guidance, not from safety trials; if overwhelm persists, a trauma-informed practitioner can help you pace the work.

How do I start practising Boundary Awareness on my own?

Start small and slow. Bring brief attention to one edge of your body, such as your feet on the floor, keep one steady, neutral spot to return to, and stop the moment you feel overwhelmed. These are pacing steps from trauma-informed somatic therapy, not evidence-tested instructions.

Start small and slow. Begin with brief moments of noticing where your body ends and the room begins, taking in a little at a time, an approach called titration, and keep one neutral or steady spot in the body as a felt resource to come back to. If your edges start to feel activating, shift attention to that steady spot and then back again, a rhythm known as pendulation, and give yourself permission to stop, open your eyes, and feel your feet at any point. This is practice-informed pacing drawn from Sensorimotor Psychotherapy and Somatic Experiencing rather than an evidence-based protocol. If you carry a trauma history, tend to dissociate, or find inner attention consistently overwhelming, work with a trauma-informed practitioner rather than alone, and treat it as support, not a substitute for care.

What's the difference between Boundary Awareness and Somatic Experiencing?

Scope. Somatic Experiencing is a complete trauma therapy for releasing incomplete stress and survival responses across the whole body, while Boundary Awareness is one narrower skill within that tradition, focused on sensing your personal-space edges and felt sense of containment.

The difference is mainly scope and form, not proven results. Somatic Experiencing, developed by Peter Levine, is a full trauma therapy that helps the nervous system complete thwarted survival responses. Boundary Awareness is one component practice drawn from that lineage, narrowed to sensing where your body ends and whether that edge feels intact, permeable, or compromised. This relationship is described within trauma-informed somatic tradition rather than tested head-to-head, so read it as how the two relate in practice, not as evidence that either outperforms the other.

Pendulation

Moving attention back and forth between an activating sensation and a felt sense of steadiness or safety, so the nervous system can process difficulty without becoming stuck in it.

Somatic Experiencing

A trauma therapy that helps the body release and complete stress responses that were interrupted, developed by Peter Levine, in which boundary work is treated as part of recovery.

Sensorimotor Psychotherapy

A body-oriented psychotherapy that combines tracking posture, movement, and sensation with talk-based processing, and which includes boundary work among its practices.

[3]other peer reviewed

Kangcheng Liu, Yong‐Jin Liu, Baoquan Chen (2025). General 3D Vision-Language Model With Fast Rendering and Pre-Training Vision-Language Alignment. https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2025.3566593

DOI: 10.1109/tpami.2025.3566593

Cited in: –

[4]other peer reviewed

Aijin Li, L. Jiao, Hao Zhu, Lingling Li, Fang Liu (2021). Multitask Semantic Boundary Awareness Network for Remote Sensing Image Segmentation. https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3050885

DOI: 10.1109/tgrs.2021.3050885

Cited in: –

[5]other peer reviewed

Jie Zhang, Mingwen Shao, Yecong Wan, Lingzhuang Meng, Xiangyong Cao, Shuigen Wang (2024). Boundary-Aware Spatial and Frequency Dual-Domain Transformer for Remote Sensing Urban Images Segmentation. https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3430081

DOI: 10.1109/tgrs.2024.3430081

Cited in: –

[6]other peer reviewed

KC Jimmy, Yuzhi Zhao, Qiang Nie, Z. Gao, Ben M. Chen (2022). Weakly Supervised 3D Scene Segmentation with Region-Level Boundary Awareness and Instance Discrimination. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19815-1_3

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-19815-1_3

Cited in: –

[7]other peer reviewed

Huaqi Tao, Bing Liu, Jinqiang Cui, Hong Zhang (2023). A Convolutional-Transformer Network for Crack Segmentation with Boundary Awareness. https://doi.org/10.1109/icip49359.2023.10222276

DOI: 10.1109/icip49359.2023.10222276

Cited in: –

[8]other peer reviewed

Linshan Wu, Leyuan Fang, Jun Yue, Bob Zhang, Pedram Ghamisi, He Min (2022). Deep Bilateral Filtering Network for Point-Supervised Semantic Segmentation in Remote Sensing Images. https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2022.3222904

DOI: 10.1109/tip.2022.3222904

Cited in: –

[9]other peer reviewed

Dimitrios Marmanis, Konrad Schindler, Jan Dirk Wegner, Silvano Galliani, Mihai Datcu, Uwe Stilla (2018). Classification with an edge: Improving semantic image segmentation\nwith boundary detection. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2017.11.009

DOI: 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2017.11.009

Cited in: –

[10]other peer reviewed

Jianlong Hou, Zhi Guo, Youming Wu, Wenhui Diao, Tao Xu (2022). BSNet: Dynamic Hybrid Gradient Convolution Based Boundary-Sensitive Network for Remote Sensing Image Segmentation. https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3176028

DOI: 10.1109/tgrs.2022.3176028

Cited in: –

[11]other peer reviewed

Tongxue Zhou (2025). Boundary-aware and cross-modal fusion network for enhanced multi-modal brain tumor segmentation. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2025.111637

DOI: 10.1016/j.patcog.2025.111637

Cited in: –

[12]other peer reviewed

Xuanyu Zhou, Lifan Zhou, Shengrong Gong, Shan Zhong, Wei Qi Yan, Yizhou Huang (2023). Swin Transformer Embedding Dual-Stream for Semantic Segmentation of Remote Sensing Imagery. https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3326967

DOI: 10.1109/jstars.2023.3326967

Cited in: –

[13]other peer reviewed

Xiaoqiang Lu, Licheng Jiao, Lingling Li, Fang Liu, Xu Liu, Shuyuan Yang (2023). Weak-to-Strong Consistency Learning for Semisupervised Image Segmentation. https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3272552

DOI: 10.1109/tgrs.2023.3272552

Cited in: –

[14]other peer reviewed

Liang-Chieh Chen, George Papandreou, Iasonas Kokkinos, Kevin Murphy, Alan Yuille (2017). DeepLab: Semantic Image Segmentation with Deep Convolutional Nets, Atrous Convolution, and Fully Connected CRFs. https://doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2017.2699184

DOI: 10.1109/tpami.2017.2699184

Cited in: –

[15]other peer reviewed

Yupei Wang, Haoran Zhang, Yongkang Hu, Xiaoxing Hu, Liang Chen, Shanqing Hu (2023). Geometric Boundary Guided Feature Fusion and Spatial-Semantic Context Aggregation for Semantic Segmentation of Remote Sensing Images. https://doi.org/10.1109/tip.2023.3326400

DOI: 10.1109/tip.2023.3326400

Cited in: –

[16]other peer reviewed

Zhen Wang, Shanwen Zhang, Chuanlei Zhang, Buhong Wang (2023). Hidden Feature-Guided Semantic Segmentation Network for Remote Sensing Images. https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3244273

DOI: 10.1109/tgrs.2023.3244273

Cited in: –

[17]other peer reviewed

Licheng Jiao, Zhongjian Huang, Xiaoqiang Lu, Xu Liu, Yuting Yang, Jiaxuan Zhao (2023). Brain-Inspired Remote Sensing Foundation Models and Open Problems: A Comprehensive Survey. https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3316302

DOI: 10.1109/jstars.2023.3316302

Cited in: –

[18]other peer reviewed

Fausto Milletarì, Nassir Navab, Seyed‐Ahmad Ahmadi (2016). V-Net: Fully Convolutional Neural Networks for Volumetric Medical Image\n Segmentation. https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1606.04797

DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1606.04797

Cited in: –

[19]other peer reviewed

Yaxiong Chen, Yujie Wang, Shengwu Xiong, Xiaoqiang Lu, Xiao Xiang Zhu, Lichao Mou (2024). Integrating Detailed Features and Global Contexts for Semantic Segmentation in Ultrahigh-Resolution Remote Sensing Images. https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3394449

DOI: 10.1109/tgrs.2024.3394449

Cited in: –

[20]other peer reviewed

Priyo Suprobo, Andrew Prasetyo, I Ketut Eddy Purnama, Eko Mulyanto Yuniarno (2025). PEAK-U-Net: A Progressive Edge-Aware Attention KAN U-Net With Sliding Window for Crack Segmentation. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2025.3641518

DOI: 10.1109/access.2025.3641518

Cited in: –

[21]other peer reviewed

Zicong Zhu, Jian Kang, Wenhui Diao, Yingchao Feng, Junxi Li, Jingen Ni (2024). SIRS: Multitask Joint Learning for Remote Sensing Foreground-Entity Image–Text Retrieval. https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3402216

DOI: 10.1109/tgrs.2024.3402216

Cited in: –

[22]other peer reviewed

Binge Cui, Yanli Zhao, Mingkai Yang, Ling Huang, Yan Lu (2023). Reverse Attention Dual-Stream Network for Extracting Laver Aquaculture Areas From GF-1 Remote Sensing Images. https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3281823

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[23]other peer reviewed

Xiaoqiang Lu, Licheng Jiao, Fang Liu, Shuyuan Yang, Xu Liu, Zhixi Feng (2022). Simple and Efficient: A Semisupervised Learning Framework for Remote Sensing Image Semantic Segmentation. https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3220755

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[24]other peer reviewed

Zhuo Su, Lang Zhou, Yudi Tan, Boliang Guan, Fan Zhou (2024). Visual Boundary-Guided Pseudo-Labeling for Weakly Supervised 3D Point Cloud Segmentation in Indoor Environments. https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2024.3484654

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[25]other peer reviewed

Jonathan Long, Evan Shelhamer, Trevor Darrell (2015). Fully convolutional networks for semantic segmentation. https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2015.7298965

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[26]other peer reviewed

Martina Pastorino, Gabriele Moser, Sebastiano B. Serpico, Josiane Zerubia (2022). Semantic Segmentation of Remote-Sensing Images Through Fully Convolutional Neural Networks and Hierarchical Probabilistic Graphical Models. https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2022.3141996

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[27]other peer reviewed

Jie Hu, Li Shen, Gang Sun (2018). Squeeze-and-Excitation Networks. https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2018.00745

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[28]other peer reviewed

Panqu Wang, Pengfei Chen, Ye Yuan, Ding Liu, Zehua Huang, Xiaodi Hou (2018). Understanding Convolution for Semantic Segmentation. https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv.2018.00163

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[29]meta analysis

Morten Hertzum (2026). System Usability Scale: A Meta-Analysis of How SUS Relates to Workload, Task Time, and Error Rate. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2026.2625260

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[30]other peer reviewed

Xiang Li, Per Ola Kristensson (2025). Optimizing Curve-Based Selection with On-Body Surfaces in Virtual Environments. https://doi.org/10.1145/3706599.3719908

DOI: 10.1145/3706599.3719908

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[31]other peer reviewed

Qiang Zhou, Zhong Qu, Fang-Rong Ju (2022). A Lightweight Network for Crack Detection With Split Exchange Convolution and Multi-Scale Features Fusion. https://doi.org/10.1109/tiv.2022.3210299

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[32]other peer reviewed

Xiyin Chen, Yonghua Shi, Jing-Xiao Pang (2025). SECrackSeg: A High-Accuracy Crack Segmentation Network Based on Proposed UNet with SAM2 S-Adapter and Edge-Aware Attention. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25092642

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[33]other peer reviewed

Wenhao Liu, Yuanyuan Li, A. A. M. Muzahid (2025). V<sup>2</sup>net: A Nested Framework for Crack Segmentation Based on Multiscale Feature Learning. https://doi.org/10.1109/tim.2025.3550234

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[34]other peer reviewed

Chen Lu, Xian Zhang, Kaile Du, Han Xu, Guangcan Liu (2024). CTCFNet: CNN-Transformer Complementary and Fusion Network for High-Resolution Remote Sensing Image Semantic Segmentation. https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2024.3458446

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[35]other peer reviewed

Zhiding Yu, Chen Feng, Ming-Yu Liu, Srikumar Ramalingam (2017). CASENet: Deep Category-Aware Semantic Edge Detection. https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2017.191

DOI: 10.1109/cvpr.2017.191

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[36]other peer reviewed

Ruigang Niu, Xian Sun, Yu Tian, Wenhui Diao, Yingchao Feng, Kun Fu (2021). Improving Semantic Segmentation in Aerial Imagery via Graph Reasoning and Disentangled Learning. https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2021.3121471

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[37]other peer reviewed

Kai‐Ni Wang, Sheng-Xiao Li, Zhenyu Bu, Fu-Xing Zhao, Guangquan Zhou, Shoujun Zhou (2024). SBCNet: Scale and Boundary Context Attention Dual-Branch Network for Liver Tumor Segmentation. https://doi.org/10.1109/jbhi.2024.3370864

DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2024.3370864

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[38]other peer reviewed

Mingyang Ma, Lei Yang, Yanhong Liu, Hongnian Yu (2024). A Transformer-Based Network With Feature Complementary Fusion for Crack Defect Detection. https://doi.org/10.1109/tits.2024.3421331

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[39]other peer reviewed

Thien Huynh‐The, Son Ngoc Truong, Gia-Vuong Nguyen (2024). HBSeNet: A Hybrid Bilateral Network for Accurate Semantic Segmentation of Remote Sensing Images. https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2024.3437737

DOI: 10.1109/jstars.2024.3437737

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[40]other peer reviewed

Ozan Unal, Dengxin Dai, Lukas Hoyer, Yiğit Baran Can, Luc Van Gool (2024). 2D Feature Distillation for Weakly- and Semi-Supervised 3D Semantic Segmentation. https://doi.org/10.1109/wacv57701.2024.00717

DOI: 10.1109/wacv57701.2024.00717

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[41]other peer reviewed

Jianlong Hou, Zhi Guo, Yingchao Feng, Youming Wu, Wenhui Diao (2023). SPANet: Spatial Adaptive Convolution Based Content-Aware Network for Aerial Image Semantic Segmentation. https://doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2023.3244207

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[42]other peer reviewed

Kaiming He, Xiangyu Zhang, Shaoqing Ren, Jian Sun (2016). Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition. https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2016.90

DOI: 10.1109/cvpr.2016.90

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[43]other peer reviewed

Yongxi Lu, Abhishek Kumar, Shuangfei Zhai, Yu Cheng, Tara Javidi, Rogério Feris (2017). Fully-Adaptive Feature Sharing in Multi-Task Networks with Applications in Person Attribute Classification. https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2017.126

DOI: 10.1109/cvpr.2017.126

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[44]other peer reviewed

Zhuangzhuang Chen, Tao Hu, Chengqi Xu, Jie Chen, Houbing Song, Li Wang (2025). Self-Adaptive Fourier Augmentation Framework for Crack Segmentation in Industrial Scenarios. https://doi.org/10.1109/tii.2025.3576871

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[45]other peer reviewed

Unknown author (2000). 10.1162/153244304322765658. https://doi.org/10.1162/153244304322765658

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[46]other peer reviewed

Yimeng Zhang, Tsuhan Chen (2012). Efficient inference for fully-connected CRFs with stationarity. https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2012.6247724

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[47]other peer reviewed

Becky Spittle, Maite Frutos-Pascual, Chris Creed, Ian Williams (2022). A Review of Interaction Techniques for Immersive Environments. https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2022.3174805

DOI: 10.1109/tvcg.2022.3174805

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[48]other peer reviewed

Guohui Deng, Zhaocong Wu, Miaozhong Xu, Chengjun Wang, Zhiye Wang, Zhongyuan Lu (2023). Crisscross-Global Vision Transformers Model for Very High Resolution Aerial Image Semantic Segmentation. https://doi.org/10.1109/tgrs.2023.3276172

DOI: 10.1109/tgrs.2023.3276172

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[49]other peer reviewed

Song Zhang, Zhiwei Wei, Wenjia Xu, Lili Zhang, Yang Wang, Jinming Zhang (2023). Edge aware depth inference for large-scale aerial building multi-view stereo. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2023.11.020

DOI: 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2023.11.020

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[50]other peer reviewed

Sachin Mehta, Mohammad Rastegari (2021). MobileViT: Light-weight, General-purpose, and Mobile-friendly Vision\n Transformer. https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2110.02178

DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2110.02178

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