Coaching & Behavior Change

What is Purpose Discovery?

Purpose Discovery is a guided contemplative practice that pairs periods of stillness with reflective questions to help you clarify your sense of purpose, vocation, or calling.

Limited Evidence

Last Updated

3 Jul 2026

We are still reviewing this page. Our research team checks every technique page for accuracy and evidence quality before final release. Details may change as that review completes. The evidence badge shows our current reading of the published research.

RECOMMENDED DOSE

How Much Should You Practice?

No direct dose-response literature exists for this technique. This is a conservative introductory range based on general practice conventions for reflective purpose- and values-discovery work, designed to build a sustainable habit. No direct dose evidence; editorial synthesis.

No direct dose-response literature exists for this technique. This step-up reflects a typical established reflective-practice cadence and allows deeper exploration once the basics feel comfortable. No direct dose evidence; editorial synthesis.

No direct dose-response literature exists for this technique. This maintenance-level range suits committed practitioners seeking sustained engagement, and remains a general starting point rather than a validated protocol. No direct dose evidence; editorial synthesis.

Session length

Session length: 10–15 minutes

MIN

How long each individual practice session should last from start to finish.

Frequency

Frequency: 2–3 days

DAYS

The number of days per week to fit a session into your routine.

Session length

Session length: 20–30 minutes

MIN

How long each individual practice session should last from start to finish.

Frequency

Frequency: 3–4 days

DAYS

The number of days per week to fit a session into your routine.

Session length

Session length: 30–45 minutes

MIN

How long each individual practice session should last from start to finish.

Frequency

Frequency: 4–5 days

DAYS

The number of days per week to fit a session into your routine.

About this card. No direct dose-response literature exists for Purpose Discovery; these figures are editorial synthesis based on general reflective-practice conventions and should be treated as starting points only. These recommendations are not a substitute for personalised guidance from a qualified practitioner.

Related Techniques to Purpose Discovery

Self-Coaching Practice

Life Transitions

Common questions about Purpose Discovery

Quick answers to what people most often ask. Each card links to the deeper section below.

evidence

What does the research say about Purpose Discovery?

No controlled trials test Purpose Discovery as a distinct practice, so its benefits remain proposed rather than proven. The framing draws on Viktor Frankl's writing on meaning and William Damon's research on purpose, while broad survey research links a strong sense of purpose with better wellbeing and longevity, not this specific practice.

good for

Who is Purpose Discovery good for?

Adults who feel unsure what they want, or shaped more by others' expectations than their own direction, may benefit from Purpose Discovery, especially around a life transition or a stalled decision. It offers a structured way to clarify values and direction, but it is not a substitute for care when anxiety, depression, grief, or trauma feel acute.

safety

Is Purpose Discovery safe?

Most healthy adults can practise Purpose Discovery as a low-risk reflective activity. Sitting with questions like 'What am I here for?' can surface grief, regret, or a sense of being unmoored, so approach it when you feel reasonably steady. Anyone in acute anxiety, depression, trauma, or crisis should lean first on a qualified professional.

how it works

How does Purpose Discovery work?

Purpose Discovery works mainly through self-inquiry, actively turning attention inward to question your own values and assumptions so a clearer sense of what you want can emerge. Framing each question with stillness is thought to engage the body's rest-and-recovery mode, while stepping back from habitual roles and fear-based expectations can widen your view. These mechanisms are proposed, not measured.

For clinicians, researchers, and curious readers

What's in a session?

How does it work?

What does it do to the body?

What is it used for?

What does the research say?

Where does it come from?

Is it safe?Who should practise with care?How to practise safely?

How does it compare?

What does a Purpose Discovery session involve?

Purpose Discovery is a guided practice that pairs stillness with reflective questions, such as what you would do if fear were not a factor, to help you clarify your sense of purpose or calling.

A session alternates periods of quiet stillness with a small set of pointed inquiry questions, for example what contribution you most want to make, when you feel most alive, or what you would do if fear were not a factor. You settle first, then turn each question toward your own experiences, passions, and values, listening for recurring through-lines rather than reasoning to a tidy answer. It is action-oriented, aimed at surfacing a purpose you can act on, and is commonly delivered as a guided audio session on meditation platforms.

Purpose Discovery differs from open existential inquiry, which contemplates the nature of meaning itself; here the goal is practical, to uncover a purpose in order to act on it. It is not therapy and not a treatment for anxiety, depression, trauma, or addiction, even though it is often practised alongside those challenges. It is also distinct from general mindfulness or attention-stabilising meditation, since the defining move is directed self-questioning rather than simply resting or watching the breath.

Not to be confused with

Logotherapy

Logotherapy is Viktor Frankl's clinical psychotherapy for finding meaning in suffering, delivered by trained therapists. Purpose Discovery borrows Frankl's principle that meaning is found rather than invented, but it is a self-guided reflective practice, not treatment.

Goal-setting

Goal-setting defines specific, measurable targets and the steps to reach them. Purpose Discovery works one level up, clarifying the underlying sense of purpose that goals might later serve, rather than the goals themselves.

Mindfulness meditation

Mindfulness meditation trains open, non-judgmental attention to present-moment experience and does not steer toward any particular content. Purpose Discovery deliberately directs attention with pointed questions about calling and contribution.

How does Purpose Discovery work?

Purpose Discovery is designed to work mainly through self-inquiry, the active turning of attention inward to question your own values and assumptions rather than watching thoughts drift by, so a clearer sense of what you want can emerge from your own answers. The stillness that frames each question is thought to engage parasympathetic activation, the body's rest-and-recovery mode that leaves you settled enough to actually listen, while stepping back from habitual roles and fear-based expectations, a shift researchers call decentering, can widen your view of what your life might contribute. These are accounts of how the practice is meant to work, not effects that have been measured in studies of this specific technique.

Possible Mechanisms

Self-Inquiry

In a Purpose Discovery session, you turn attention inward and sit with direct questions, like what you really want or what you would do if fear were not a factor, until your own answers begin to feel clearer. This is self-inquiry, the active work of questioning your own values and identity rather than simply watching thoughts pass by, and it describes how the practice is designed to work rather than a measured result.

What does Purpose Discovery do to the body?

No study has yet measured what Purpose Discovery does inside the body, so anything described here is proposed rather than demonstrated. The deep stillness the practice uses is generally associated with parasympathetic activation, a shift toward the rest-and-recovery state that can feel like slower breathing, a looser jaw, and a mind quiet enough to hear its own answers. Research on calm, meditative states broadly, not on this technique specifically, links that settling with lower heart rate and steadier arousal, but those changes have not been confirmed for purpose-discovery sessions.

What is Purpose Discovery used for?

Emerging evidence is the honest ceiling here: no controlled trials test Purpose Discovery as a distinct practice for any outcome, so its benefits remain proposed rather than demonstrated. What can fairly be said is that the practice offers a structured way to clarify values and direction, and that a strong sense of purpose in life has been linked in broad survey research, not in studies of this technique, with better wellbeing. What is not yet supported: any claim that these guided sessions reduce anxiety or depression, change the body's stress markers, or treat a diagnosed condition. There are no large randomised trials, no long-term follow-up, and no measured effect sizes for the practice itself.

What does the research say about Purpose Discovery?

Direct research on Purpose Discovery as a guided practice is still scarce, and no randomised trials evaluate it against a comparator. The framing draws on Viktor Frankl's writing on meaning and Bill Damon's research on purpose, and broad survey research links a strong sense of purpose in life with better wellbeing and longevity, though that work studies the purpose construct in large populations, not this specific meditation. Because that evidence is conceptual or correlational, it cannot show that the sessions cause the outcomes, and reverse causation and confounding remain plausible. For now, treat any felt clarity or steadiness as a suggestive personal signal rather than a proven clinical result.

The research is useful for setting expectations, but study methods and participant groups vary. Treat the findings as general guidance rather than a promise about any single session, and not a replacement for clinical care.

Read the full reference list

Where does Purpose Discovery come from?

Purpose Discovery grows out of Viktor Frankl's logotherapy, with its principle that meaning is found rather than invented, alongside Bill Damon's research on purpose and modern coaching frameworks for discovering a calling. These roots help explain the practice's form, its pairing of stillness with pointed questions about contribution and aliveness, rather than proving any clinical effect. It is widely delivered on meditation platforms as find your purpose or discover your calling sessions.

Is Purpose Discovery safe?

For most healthy adults, Purpose Discovery is a low-risk reflective practice. Because no studies test this specific technique, the cautions here come from how the practice works and from practitioner experience rather than from safety trials. Sitting with questions like "What am I here for?" can do more than clarify. Sustained self-inquiry, the active work of turning attention inward and questioning your values and direction, sometimes surfaces grief, regret, or a sense of being unmoored, so it helps to begin when you feel reasonably steady rather than mid-crisis. Purpose Discovery is a way to clarify values, not a treatment for anxiety, depression, trauma, or addiction; when any of those feel acute, pair the practice with support from a qualified professional.

Who should practise with care?

People in acute distress, active grief, or a major life transition should approach with extra care, because the same inward questioning that brings clarity can also stir up unsettled or destabilizing feelings before it settles them. Anyone living with acute anxiety, depression, trauma responses, active suicidal thinking, or addiction in an acute phase should treat Purpose Discovery as a reflective adjunct only, and lean first on appropriate clinical care rather than on the practice itself.

Difficult emotions surfacing during inquiry

lowpractice-informed

Sitting with questions like "What am I here for?" can do more than clarify. Sustained self-inquiry sometimes surfaces grief, regret, or a sense of being unmoored before any clarity arrives. Begin when you feel reasonably steady rather than mid-crisis, let difficult feelings move through rather than pushing them down, and pause or stop if a feeling becomes overwhelming. This caution comes from how the practice works and from practitioner experience, not from safety trials.

Acute anxiety, depression, trauma, or addiction

lowpractice-informed

How does Purpose Discovery compare to similar techniques?

Technique	Best for	Use with care	Evidence strength	Distinction
Existential inquiry	Sitting with the big questions of meaning, freedom, and mortality when you want reflection rather than a decision or plan.	Open-ended questioning can deepen into rumination without resolution; less suited when you actually need a direction to act on.	EVIDENCE	Existential inquiry sits with the nature of meaning, freedom, and mortality as open questions, without needing to arrive at a plan. Purpose Discovery uses similar stillness and questioning but points it toward a concrete calling or contribution you intend to act on, so the practice is meant to end in direction rather than in further contemplation.
Values clarification (ACT-style)	Turning what matters to you into concrete, repeatable actions, often within a structured therapeutic or coaching program.		EVIDENCE

Glossary

Sense of purpose

A lasting, forward-looking intention to contribute something you find meaningful. In this practice it is the felt sense of direction that questioning is meant to surface, not a single goal or job title.

Logotherapy

A form of psychotherapy founded by Viktor Frankl on the idea that meaning is discovered rather than invented, and that a sense of meaning helps people endure hardship. Purpose Discovery draws on this idea but is not therapy.

Self-inquiry

Turning attention inward to actively question your own assumptions, values, and identity, asking things like "What do I really want?" rather than simply watching thoughts pass by.

Directed self-referential processing and introspection in which the practitioner interrogates identity and values, distinct from attention-stabilising practice.

Decentering

The shift from being caught inside your thoughts and feelings to noticing them as passing mental events, which opens a little distance and loosens automatic reactions.

Also termed cognitive defusion; a metacognitive shift that reduces identification with mental content and automatic reactivity.

Parasympathetic activation

Increased activity in the body's rest-and-recovery branch, largely through vagal pathways, which usually feels like settling, softening tension, and being more able to relax or stay steady.

Vagally mediated parasympathetic dominance that shifts autonomic balance away from fight-or-flight toward recovery.

Existential inquiry

Reflective questioning about the fundamental conditions of being human, such as meaning, freedom, and mortality, pursued for understanding rather than to produce a plan of action.

Full References

[1]other peer reviewed

Thilakavathy P, Rajakumar. B, Sundara Rajulu Navaneethakrishnan, Mrs. Deepa. R, Surendran R, T. P (2026). FedMindPurpose: A Federated AI Framework for Purpose Discovery and Mental Health Support in Youth. https://doi.org/10.1109/icaect68478.2026.11426035

DOI: 10.1109/icaect68478.2026.11426035

Cited in: –

[2]other peer reviewed

Foffi G, Pastore A, Piazza F, Temussi P A (2013). Macromolecular crowding: chemistry and physics meet biology (Ascona, Switzerland, 10-14 June 2012).. https://doi.org/10.1088/1478-3975/10/4/040301

DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/10/4/040301

Cited in: –

Purpose Discovery is a way to clarify values, not a treatment for anxiety, depression, trauma, or addiction. When any of these feel acute, treat the practice as a reflective adjunct only and lean first on appropriate clinical care rather than on the reflective questions themselves. If purpose questions consistently open into anxiety, depression, trauma responses, or thoughts of self-harm, use the practice alongside a qualified professional.

Active grief or a major life transition

lowpractice-informed

People in active grief or moving through a major life transition should approach with extra care, because the same inward questioning that brings clarity can also stir up unsettled or destabilizing feelings before it settles them. Choose a calmer day, keep sessions shorter, and reach for support first if the feelings are raw. This is a practice-informed caution; no incidence rate has been measured for this specific technique.

How to practise safely?

Purpose Discovery is best approached on a reasonably steady day rather than mid-crisis, since sitting with open-ended questions about your values and direction can stir up unsettled feelings before it brings clarity. A gentle starting format is a short, quiet session where you have a few minutes to settle your breathing before turning to the harder questions, and time afterward to re-orient rather than act on any big insight in the first rush. Remember this is a reflective practice for clarifying values, so keep it alongside professional support if things feel acute.

Check your footing first

Before you begin, notice whether you feel steady enough to sit with open-ended questions. If you are in acute crisis or raw grief, choose a calmer day or reach for support first. This practice reflects; it does not treat.

Settle before you question

Give yourself a few minutes of quiet and slow breathing so the body can shift toward rest and recovery and feel a little less braced, before you turn to the harder questions.

Let answers arrive rather than forcing them

Hold questions like "What would I do if fear were not a factor?" lightly. Self-inquiry works through honest questioning, not more overthinking, so notice what surfaces without demanding an immediate answer.

Make room for what comes up

If grief, regret, or a sense of being lost appears, treat it as normal and let it move through rather than pushing it down. Pause or stop if the feeling becomes overwhelming.

Keep professional support in the loop

If purpose questions consistently open into anxiety, depression, trauma, or thoughts of self-harm, use the practice alongside a qualified professional rather than in place of one.

Close and re-orient

End each session by returning attention to the room and your breath for a minute, then move gently into ordinary activity rather than acting on any big decision in the first rush of insight.

Medical Disclaimer

This information is educational and is not medical advice. This practice is not a substitute for professional care and should not replace prescribed medication or treatment for any medical or mental-health condition. If you are managing a health condition or taking medication, talk with a qualified health professional before changing your practice. If you are in distress or crisis, seek professional support.

Does Purpose Discovery actually work?

Not proven. No controlled trials test Purpose Discovery as a distinct practice, so its benefits are proposed rather than demonstrated. It offers a structured way to clarify your values and direction, but there is no measured evidence it treats anxiety, depression, or any condition.

Not proven. There are no randomized trials, systematic reviews, or effect sizes evaluating Purpose Discovery as a specific practice, so any felt clarity is better treated as a suggestive personal signal than an established clinical result. What can fairly be said is that it gives reflection a structured way to clarify values and direction, and that a strong sense of purpose in life has been linked with better wellbeing in broad survey research, not in studies of this technique, so that link is correlational and cannot show the sessions cause the outcome. The practice draws on Frankl's logotherapy and Damon's research on purpose, which shape its form rather than prove its effects.

Can finding your purpose really help you live longer?

Not proven for this practice. Broad survey research has linked a strong sense of purpose in life with longer life, but that studies purpose as a trait across large populations, not Purpose Discovery sessions, and the link is correlational, so it can't show the practice itself extends lifespan.

Not proven for this practice. Population studies suggest people who report a strong sense of purpose tend to live longer, but that is suggestive background rather than confirmed cause and effect: the research measures purpose as a general life orientation, not Purpose Discovery as a guided practice, and correlational findings leave reverse causation and confounding plausible. No trial has tested whether these sessions affect mortality or lifespan, so treat any felt clarity or steadiness as an encouraging personal signal, not a demonstrated longevity benefit.

Why does sitting in stillness help clarity surface?

In theory, stillness quiets the body's stress response so a directed inward question has room to be answered. This is a proposed account of how the practice is meant to work, not an effect measured in Purpose Discovery studies.

The proposed explanation has two parts. First, deep stillness is thought to engage parasympathetic activation, the body's rest-and-recovery mode, which settles arousal enough to hear your own answers beneath daily noise. Second, self-inquiry, the active turning of attention inward to question your values and direction, gives that quiet something specific to work on, so a clearer sense of what you want can emerge. These are hypothesised mechanisms, not effects confirmed in trials of this specific technique.

Can Purpose Discovery bring up difficult emotions?

Yes, it can. Sustained self-inquiry, actively questioning your values and direction, sometimes surfaces grief, regret, or a sense of being unmoored before any clarity arrives, and both energized and difficult responses are common. This is a practice-informed caution, not a measured finding.

Yes, it can. Sitting with questions like "What am I here for?" does more than clarify; the inward questioning can stir grief, regret, or a feeling of being lost before things settle, so it helps to approach the practice when you feel reasonably steady rather than mid-crisis. If distress feels acute, treat Purpose Discovery as a reflective adjunct and lean first on a qualified professional. These cautions come from how the practice works and from practitioner experience rather than from safety trials of this specific technique, and no incidence rate has been measured.

Is Purpose Discovery safe if I'm dealing with depression or a mental health crisis?

Use care. Purpose Discovery is a reflective practice, not treatment for depression, and it is not a substitute for care during a mental health crisis. If you are facing acute depression, suicidal thinking, or trauma responses, rely first on a qualified professional and treat this practice as an adjunct only.

Use care. This guidance comes from how the practice works and from practitioner experience rather than from safety trials, since no direct studies test Purpose Discovery in acute distress. The same inward questioning that can bring clarity, a process of self-inquiry that actively turns attention inward to examine your values and direction, may also stir grief, regret, or a sense of being unmoored before it settles. When depression, suicidal thinking, or trauma responses feel acute, use this only as a reflective adjunct and lean first on appropriate clinical care.

How do I start a Purpose Discovery practice on my own?

Start by checking you feel steady enough to sit with open-ended questions, then settle with a few minutes of slow breathing before holding a prompt like "What would I do if fear were not a factor?" lightly. Let answers surface without forcing them, make room for any grief or regret, and close by re-orienting before acting on big decisions.

Begin only when you feel reasonably steady; if you are in acute crisis or raw grief, choose a calmer day or reach for support first, since this is a reflective practice, not treatment. Settle the body with a few minutes of quiet and slow breathing, then hold questions such as "When do I feel most alive?" without demanding an immediate answer, noticing what surfaces through honest questioning rather than overthinking. If distress becomes overwhelming, pause; if purpose questions consistently open into anxiety, depression, trauma, or thoughts of self-harm, use the practice alongside a qualified professional. This guidance is practice-informed rather than drawn from trials, as no direct studies test this specific technique.

How long before Purpose Discovery gives me clarity?

There's no fixed timeline. Clarity from Purpose Discovery tends to build gradually over repeated practice rather than arriving in a single session, and no studies measure how long it takes. A first sitting may just feel like holding hard questions, and responses vary widely from person to person.

There's no fixed timeline, and no trials have measured time-to-clarity for this practice, so any expectation here is practice-informed rather than proven. A first session often feels like simply sitting with difficult questions, and clarity tends to accumulate over repeated practice instead of appearing all at once. Responses also vary: some people feel energized and clear early on, while others meet grief, regret, or a sense of being lost before any direction settles, and both are common. Treat felt clarity as a gradual personal signal, not a certain outcome on a set schedule.

What's the difference between Purpose Discovery and values clarification?

The main difference is aim and scope. Purpose Discovery pairs stillness with reflective questions to surface an overarching calling or contribution you intend to act on, while ACT-style values clarification names the qualities you want to live by and turns them into concrete everyday actions. Both share a stepping-back move; neither is shown to work better, as no head-to-head trials exist.

The difference is one of aim and format, not proven effectiveness. Purpose Discovery is a guided practice that combines stillness with reflective questions to help you clarify a broad sense of purpose or calling you can then act on. Values clarification, common in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), instead names the qualities you want to embody and translates them into specific, repeatable committed action, often inside a structured program, using cognitive defusion, the skill of stepping back from unhelpful thoughts. They share that stepping-back move, but no direct comparison or controlled trials test Purpose Discovery against values clarification, so this is a descriptive distinction rather than a claim that either is more effective.

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[28]other peer reviewed

S. Padmakala, S.T. Gopukumar (2025). Predictive Analytics in Mental Health: Machine Learning Models for Major Depressive Disorder Detection using Sensor Data. https://doi.org/10.1109/icears64219.2025.10940218

DOI: 10.1109/icears64219.2025.10940218

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[29]other peer reviewed

Avishek Choudhury, Hamid Shamszare (2023). Investigating the Impact of User Trust on the Adoption and Use of ChatGPT: Survey Analysis. https://doi.org/10.2196/47184

DOI: 10.2196/47184

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[30]other peer reviewed

Paul E. Weigle, Reem M.A. Shafi (2023). Social Media and Youth Mental Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-023-01478-w

DOI: 10.1007/s11920-023-01478-w

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[31]other peer reviewed

Mikaël Chelli, Jules Descamps, Vincent Lavoué, Christophe Trojani, Michel Azar, Marcel Deckert (2024). Hallucination Rates and Reference Accuracy of ChatGPT and Bard for Systematic Reviews: Comparative Analysis. https://doi.org/10.2196/53164

DOI: 10.2196/53164

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[32]other peer reviewed

Amy Rayland, Jacob A Andrews (2023). From Social Network to Peer Support Network: Opportunities to Explore Mechanisms of Online Peer Support for Mental Health. https://doi.org/10.2196/41855

DOI: 10.2196/41855

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[33]other peer reviewed

Paweł Budzianowski, Ivan Vulić (2019). Hello, It's GPT-2 -- How Can I Help You? Towards the Use of Pretrained\n Language Models for Task-Oriented Dialogue Systems. https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1907.05774

DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1907.05774

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[34]other peer reviewed

Emma Strubell, Ananya Ganesh, Andrew McCallum (2019). Energy and Policy Considerations for Deep Learning in NLP. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1355

DOI: 10.18653/v1/p19-1355

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[35]other peer reviewed

Manickam Rajkumar, S. I. Davis Presley, Prabha Govindaraj, Dharmalingam Kirubakaran, Farha Farahim, Tahir Ali (2025). Synthesis of chitosan/PVA/copper oxide nanocomposite using Anacardium occidentale extract and evaluating its antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-87932-6

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-87932-6

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[36]other peer reviewed

Artur Strzelecki (2023). To use or not to use ChatGPT in higher education? A study of students’ acceptance and use of technology. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2023.2209881

DOI: 10.1080/10494820.2023.2209881

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[37]other peer reviewed

Chris Bishop (1994). Neural networks and their applications. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1144830

DOI: 10.1063/1.1144830

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[38]other peer reviewed

Muthu Irulappan Sriram, Kalimuthu Kalishwaralal, Selvaraj BarathManiKanth, Sangiliyandi Gurunathani (2012). Size-based cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in bovine retinal endothelial cells. https://doi.org/10.1080/17458080.2010.547878

DOI: 10.1080/17458080.2010.547878

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[39]other peer reviewed

Chankyu Lee, Priyadarshini Panda, Gopalakrishnan Srinivasan, Kaushik Roy (2018). Training Deep Spiking Convolutional Neural Networks With STDP-Based Unsupervised Pre-training Followed by Supervised Fine-Tuning. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2018.00435

DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00435

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[40]other peer reviewed

Hayette Hadjar, Binh Vu, Matthias Hemmje (2025). TheraSense: Deep Learning for Facial Emotion Analysis in Mental Health Teleconsultation. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14030422

DOI: 10.3390/electronics14030422

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[41]other peer reviewed

Akhmad Habibi, Muhaimin Muhaimin, Bernadus Kopong Danibao, Yudha Gusti Wibowo, Sri Wahyuni, Ade Octavia (2023). ChatGPT in higher education learning: Acceptance and use. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100190

DOI: 10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100190

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[42]other peer reviewed

Robert Dale (2020). GPT-3: What’s it good for?. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1351324920000601

DOI: 10.1017/s1351324920000601

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[43]book or historical source

Hiroki Ago (2015). CVD Growth of High-Quality Single-Layer Graphene. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55372-4_1

DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-55372-4_1

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[44]other peer reviewed

Gokul Yenduri, M. Ramalingam, G. Chemmalar Selvi, Y. Supriya, Gautam Srivastava, Praveen Kumar Reddy Maddikunta (2024). GPT (Generative Pre-Trained Transformer)— A Comprehensive Review on Enabling Technologies, Potential Applications, Emerging Challenges, and Future Directions. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3389497

DOI: 10.1109/access.2024.3389497

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[45]other peer reviewed

Shahab Saquib Sohail, Faiza Farhat, Yassine Himeur, Mohammad Nadeem, Dag Øivind Madsen, Yashbir Singh (2023). Decoding ChatGPT: A taxonomy of existing research, current challenges, and possible future directions. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2023.101675

DOI: 10.1016/j.jksuci.2023.101675

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[46]other peer reviewed

Donmazov Samir, Saruhan Eda Nur, Pekkan Kerem, Piskin Senol (2024). Review of Machine Learning Techniques in Soft Tissue Biomechanics and Biomaterials.. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13239-024-00737-y

DOI: 10.1007/s13239-024-00737-y

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[47]other peer reviewed

Gabriel Goh, Nick Cammarata, Chelsea Voss, Shan Carter, Michael Petrov, Ludwig Schubert (2021). Multimodal Neurons in Artificial Neural Networks. https://doi.org/10.23915/distill.00030

DOI: 10.23915/distill.00030

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[48]other peer reviewed

Brady Lund, Ting Wang, Nishith Reddy Mannuru, Bing Nie, Somipam R. Shimray, Ziang Wang (2023). <scp>ChatGPT</scp> and a new academic reality: <scp>Artificial Intelligence‐written</scp> research papers and the ethics of the large language models in scholarly publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.24750

DOI: 10.1002/asi.24750

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[49]other peer reviewed

Mohaimenul Azam Khan Raiaan, Md. Saddam Hossain Mukta, Kaniz Fatema, Nur Mohammad Fahad, Sadman Sakib, Most. Marufatul Jannat Mim (2024). A Review on Large Language Models: Architectures, Applications, Taxonomies, Open Issues and Challenges. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3365742

DOI: 10.1109/access.2024.3365742

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[50]systematic review

Malik Sallam (2023). ChatGPT Utility in Healthcare Education, Research, and Practice: Systematic Review on the Promising Perspectives and Valid Concerns. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11060887

DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11060887

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