Welcome to the I Can't Sleep Podcast,
Where I help you drift off one fact at a time.
I'm your host,
Benjamin Boster,
And today's episode is about flags.
A flag is a piece of fabric,
Most often rectangular,
With distinctive colors and design,
Often flown from a pole and used for symbolic,
Signaling,
Or decorative purposes.
The term flag is also used to refer to the graphic design employed on such pieces of fabric.
The study of flags is known as vexillology from the Latin vexillum,
Meaning flag or banner.
The first flags were used to aid military coordination on the battlefield,
And flags have since evolved into a common tool for basic signaling and identification,
Especially in environments where communication is challenging,
Such as maritime environments,
Where semaphore is used.
The national flag is a common patriotic symbol of a country,
And many national or other flags may be assigned to flag families based on similarities in their designs that demonstrate a shared history,
Culture,
Or influence.
Flags are also used in messages,
Advertising,
Or for other decorative purposes.
The origin of the flag is unknown,
And it remains unclear when the first flag was raised.
Ships with vexilloids were represented on pre-dynastic Egyptian pottery,
Circa 3500 BC.
In antiquity,
Field signs that can be categorized as vexilloid or flag-like were used in warfare,
Originating in ancient Egypt or Syria.
Examples include the Sassanid battle standard,
The Rav Shkaviani,
And the standards of the Roman legions,
Such as the eagle of Augustus Caesar's X legion,
And the dragon standard of the Sarmatians.
The latter was allowed to fly freely in the wind carried by a horseman.
A depiction suggests that it bore more similarity to an elongated dragon kite than a simple flag.
While the origin of the flag remains a mystery,
The oldest flag discovered is made of bronze.
A Darafsh or flag-like Shadad,
Which was found in Shadad in Iran,
And dates back to circa 2400 BC.
It features a seated man and a kneeling woman facing each other,
With a star in between.
The iconography was found in other Iranian Bronze Age pieces of art.
Flags made of cloth were almost certainly the invention of the ancient peoples of the Indian subcontinent,
Or the Zhou dynasty of ancient China.
Chinese flags had iconography such as a red bird,
A white tiger,
Or a blue dragon.
And royal flags were to be treated with a level of respect similar to that given to the ruler.
Indian flags were often triangular and decorated with attachments,
Such as a yaks tail and the state umbrella.
Silk flags either spread to the Near East from China,
Or it was just the silk itself,
Later fashioned by people who had independently conceptualized a rectangular cloth attached to a pole.
They are often mentioned in the early history of Islam and may have been copied from India.
European flags are an independent invention.
In the Roman world,
The vexillum was a cloth military flag.
Schmerger describes it as the only Roman cloth flag,
Used as a cavalry flag,
Detachment flag,
Signal flag,
Imperial standard,
Religious flag,
And provincial symbol,
And as the root of the modern European flag tradition.
The Christian Roman Iabarum,
First used by Constantine in the 4th century,
Was a version of the vexillum.
Although usually suspended from a horizontal bar,
It was also sometimes displayed by fastening one side to the staff.
In medieval Europe,
Flags developed in connection with warfare,
Christianity,
Heraldry,
Monarchy,
Cities,
Guilds,
And maritime identification.
Heraldic flags included pennants,
Banners,
Standards,
Royal standards,
Hensigns,
Military standards,
And colors.
In English heroic usage,
Pennons were personal lance flags,
Banners bore the arms of the owner,
And standards displayed livery colors and badges.
Modern national flags,
In the strict political sense,
Are associated with early modern and modern state formation,
Citizenship,
Revolution,
And nationalism.
Algenius describes national flags as markers of nation-building in the modern period,
Especially after the political changes associated with 1789.
During the peak of the sailing age,
Beginning in the early 17th century,
It was customary,
And later a legal requirement,
For ships to fly flags designating their nationality.
These flags eventually evolved into the national flags and maritime flags of today.
Flags also became the preferred means of communications at sea,
Resulting in various systems of flag signals.
Use of flags beyond a military or naval context began with the rise of nationalism by the end of the 18th century,
Although some flags date back earlier.
The flags of countries such as Austria,
Denmark,
Or Turkey have legendary origins,
While many others,
Including those of Poland and Switzerland,
Grew out of the heraldic emblems of the Middle Ages.
The 17th century saw the birth of several national flags through revolutionary struggle.
One of these was the flag of the Netherlands,
Which appeared during the 80-year Dutch Rebellion,
Which began in 1568 against Spanish domination.
Political change and social reform,
Allied with a growing sense of nationhood among ordinary people,
Led to the creation of new nations and flags all over the world in the 19th and 20th centuries.
One of the most popular uses of a flag is to symbolize a nation or country.
Some national flags have been particularly inspirational to other nations,
Countries,
Or subnational entities in the design of their own flags.
Some prominent examples include the flag of Denmark,
The Dannebrog,
Is attested in 1478 and is the oldest national flag still in use.
It inspired the cross design of the other Nordic countries,
Sweden,
Norway,
Finland,
Iceland,
And several regional Scandinavian flags,
Including the Faroe Islands and Åland,
As well as flags from the non-Scandinavian Shetland and Orkney.
The flag of the Netherlands is the oldest tricolour.
Its three colours of red,
White and blue go back to Charlemagne's time,
The 9th century.
The coastal region of what today is the Netherlands was then known for its cloth in these colors.
Maps from the early 16th century already put flags in these colors next to this region,
Like Teixeira's map of 1520.
A century before that,
During the 15th century,
The three colors were mentioned as the coastal signals for this area,
With the three bands straight or diagonal,
Single or doubled.
As state flag,
It first appeared around 1572 as the prince's flag in orange-white-blue.
Soon the more famous red-white-blue began appearing,
Becoming the prevalent version from around 1630.
Orange made a comeback during the Civil War of the late 18th century,
Signifying the Orangist or pro-Stotholder party.
This use of orange comes from Nassau,
Which today uses orange-blue,
Not from orange,
Which today uses red-blue.
However,
The usual way to show the link with the house of Orange Nassau is the orange pennant above the red-white-blue.
It is said that the Dutch tricolor has inspired many flags,
But most notably those of Russia,
New York City,
And South Africa.
As the probable inspiration for the Russian flag,
It is the source too for the pan-Slavic colors red,
White,
And blue,
Adopted by many Slavic states and peoples as their symbols.
Examples are Slovakia,
Serbia,
And Slovenia.
The national flag of France was designed in 1794.
As a forerunner of evolution,
France's tricolor flag style has been adopted by other nations.
Examples,
Italy,
Belgium,
Ireland,
Romania,
And Mexico.
The Union flag,
Union Jack of the United Kingdom,
Is the most commonly used.
British colonies typically flew a flag based on one of the enzymes based on this flag.
And many former colonies have retained the design to acknowledge their cultural history.
Examples,
Australia,
P.
G.
,
New Zealand,
Tuvalu,
And also the Canadian provinces of Manitoba,
Ontario,
And British Columbia,
And the American state of Hawaii.
The flag of the United States is nicknamed the Stars and Stripes,
Or Old Glory.
Some nations imitated this flag to symbolize their similarity to the United States or the American Revolution.
Examples,
Liberia,
Chile,
Taiwan,
ROC,
And the French region of Brittany.
Ethiopia was seen as a model by emerging African states of the 1950s and 1960s,
As it was one of the oldest independent states in Africa.
Accordingly,
Its flag became the source of the Pan-African colors,
Or Rasta colors.
Examples,
Benin,
Togo,
Senegal,
Ghana,
Mali,
Guinea.
The flag of Turkey,
Which is very similar to the last flag of the old Ottoman Empire,
Has been an inspiration for the flag designs of many other Muslim nations.
During the time of the Ottomans,
The crescent began to be associated with Islam,
And this is reflected on the flags of Algeria,
Azerbaijan,
Comoros,
Libya,
Mauritania,
Pakistan,
Tunisia,
And Maldives.
The Pan-Arab colors green,
White,
Red,
And black are derived from the flag of the Great Arab Revolt,
As seen on the flags of Jordan,
Libya,
Kuwait,
Sudan,
Syria,
The United Arab Emirates,
Western Sahara,
Egypt,
Iraq,
Yemen,
And Palestine.
The Soviet flag,
With its golden symbols of the hammer and sickle on a red field,
Was an inspiration to flags of other communist states,
Such as East Germany,
China,
Vietnam,
Angola,
Afghanistan,
1978-1980,
And Mozambique.
The flag of Venezuela,
Created by Francisco de Miranda to represent the independence movement of Venezuela that later gave birth to the Gran Colombia,
Inspired the flags of Colombia,
Ecuador,
And the federal territories in Malaysia,
All sharing three bands of yellow,
Blue,
And red with the flag of Venezuela.
The flag of Argentina,
Created by Manuel Belgrano during the War of Independence,
Was the inspiration for the United Provinces of Central America's flag,
Which in turn was the origin of the flags of Guatemala,
Honduras,
El Salvador,
And Nicaragua.
National flag designs are often used to signify nationality in other forms,
Such as flag patches.
A civil flag is a version of the national flag that is flown by civilians on non-government installations or crafts.
The use of civil flags was more common in the past,
In order to denote buildings or ships that were not crewed by the military.
In some countries the civil flag is the same as the war flag or state flag,
But without the coat of arms,
Such as in the case of Spain,
And in others it is an alteration of the war flag.
Several countries,
Including the Royal Air Force,
British Army,
And the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union,
Have had unique flags flown by their armed forces separately,
Rather than the national flags.
Other countries' armed forces,
Such as those of the United States or Switzerland,
Use their standard national flag.
In addition,
The U.
S.
Has,
Alongside flags and seals,
Designed from long tradition for each of its six Uniformed Military Services military sub-departments,
And the Department of Defense,
And the Department of Homeland Security.
The Philippines Armed Forces may use their standard national flag,
But during times of war the flag is turned upside down.
Bulgaria's flag is also turned upside down during times of war.
These are also considered war flags,
Though the terminology only applies to the flag's military usage.
Large versions of the war flag flown on the warship of countries' navies are known as battle enzymes.
In addition,
Besides flying the national standard or a military services emblem flag at a military ford,
Base,
Station or post,
And at sea at the stern or main top mast of a warship,
A naval jack flag and other maritime flags,
Pennants and emblems are flown at the bow.
In times of war,
Waving a white flag is a banner of truth,
Talks,
Negotiations,
Or surrender.
Flags are particularly important at sea,
Where they can mean the difference between life and death,
And consequently where the rules and regulations for the flying of flags are strictly enforced.
A national flag flown at sea is known as an ensign.
A courteous,
Peaceable merchant ship or yacht customarily flies its ensign in the usual ensign position,
Together with the flag of whatever nation it is currently visiting at the mast,
Known as a courtesy flag.
To fly one's enzyme alone in foreign waters,
A foreign port,
Or in the face of a foreign warship,
Traditionally indicates a willingness to fight,
With canon,
For the right to do so.
As of 2009,
This custom is still taken seriously by many naval and port authorities,
And is readily enforced in many parts of the world by boarding,
Confiscation,
And other civil penalties.
In some countries,
Yacht enzymes are different from merchant enzymes in order to signal that the yacht is not carrying cargo that requires a customs declaration.
Carrying commercial cargo on a boat with a yacht enzyme is deemed to be smuggling in many jurisdictions.
Traditionally,
A vessel flying under the courtesy flag of a specific nation,
Regardless of the vessel's country of registry,
Is considered to be operating under the law of her host nation.
There is a system of international maritime signal flags for numerals and letters of the alphabet.
Each flag or pennant has a specific meaning when flown individually.
As well,
Semaphore flags can be used to communicate on an ad-hoc basis from ship to ship over short distances.
Another category of maritime flag flown by some United States government ships is the distinctive mark.
Although the United States Coast Guard has its own service enzyme,
All other U.
S.
Government ships fly the national enzyme as their service enzyme,
Following United States Navy practice.
To distinguish themselves from ships of the Navy,
Such ships historically have flown their parent organization's flag from a forward mast as a distinctive mark.
Today,
For example,
Commissioned ships of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration fly the NOAA flag as a distinctive mark.
Flags are usually rectangular in shape,
Often in the ratio 2 to 3,
1 to 2,
Or 3 to 5,
But may be of any shape or size that is practical for flying,
Including square,
Triangular,
Or swallow-tailed.
A more unusual flag shape is that of the flag of Nepal,
Which is in the shape of two stacked triangles.
Other unusually shaped flags include the civil flags of Ohio,
The Swallowtail,
Tampa,
Florida,
And Pike County,
Ohio.
Many flags are dyed through and through to be inexpensive to manufacture,
Such that the reverse side is the mirror image of the observed side.
Generally,
This side displayed when,
From the observer's point of view,
The flag flies from pole side left to right.
This presents two possibilities.
One,
If the design is symmetrical in an axis parallel to the flagpole,
Observe and reverse will be identical despite the mirror reversal,
Such as the Indian flag or Canadian flag.
2.
If not,
The Observe and Reverse will present two variants of the same design.
One was the hoist on the left,
Usually considered the Observe side.
The other was the hoist on the right,
Usually considered the Reverse side of the flag.
This is very common and usually not disturbing if there is no text in the design.
Some complex flag designs are not intended to be shown on both sides,
Requiring separate observe and reverse sides if made correctly.
In these cases,
There is a design element,
Usually text,
Which is not symmetric and should be read in the same direction regardless of whether the hoist is to the viewer's left or right.
These cases can be divided into two types.
One,
The same asymmetric design may be duplicated on both sides.
Such flags can be manufactured by creating two identical through and through flags and then sewing them back to back.
Though this can affect the resulting combination's responsiveness to the wind.
Depictions of such flags may be marked with a symbol indicating the reverse is congruent to,
Rather than a mirror image of,
The observed.
2.
Rarely the reverse design may differ,
In whole or in part,
From that of the observed.
Examples of flags whose reverse differs from the observed include the flag of Paraguay,
The flag of Oregon,
And the historical flag of the Soviet Union.
Common designs on flags include crosses,
Stripes,
And divisions of the surface or field into bands or quarters,
Patterns and principles mainly derived from heraldry.
A heraldic coat of arms may also be flown as a banner of arms,
As is done on both the state flag of Maryland and the flag of Kiribati.
The de Jure flag of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi,
Which consisted of a rectangular field of green,
Was for a long period the only national flag using a single color and no design or insignia.
However,
Other historical states have also used flags without designs or insignia,
Such as the short-lived Soviet Republic of Hungary and the more recent Sultanate of Muscat and Oman,
Whose flags were both a plain field of red.
Colors are normally described with common names,
Such as red,
But may be further specified using colorimetry.
The largest flag flown from a flagpole worldwide,
According to Guinness World Records,
Is the flag of the United Arab Emirates flown in Sharjah.
This flag was 2,
448.
56 square meters.
The largest flag ever made was the flag of Qatar.
The flag,
Which measures at 101,
978 square meters,
Was completed in December 2013 in Doha.
The general parts of a flag are canton,
The upper inner section of the flag,
Field or ground,
The entire flag except the canton,
The hoist,
The edge used to attach the flag to the hoist,
And the fly,
The furthest edge from the hoist end.
Vertical flags are sometimes used in lieu of the standard horizontal flag in Central and Eastern Europe,
Particularly in the German-speaking countries.
This practice came about because the relatively brisk wind needed to display horizontal flags is not common in these countries.
The vertical flag is a vertical form of the standard flag.
The flag's design may remain unchanged,
Or it may change,
E.
G.
By changing horizontal stripes to vertical ones.
If the flag carries an emblem,
It may remain centered or may be shifted slightly upwards.
The vertical flag for hoisting from a beam is additionally attached to a horizontal beam,
Using that it is fully displayed even if there is no wind.
The vertical flag for hoisting from a horizontal pole is hoisted from a horizontal pole normally attached to a building.
The topmost stripe on the horizontal version of the flag faces away from the building.
The vertical flag for hoisting from a crossbar or banner is firmly attached to a horizontal crossbar from which it is hoisted,
Either by a vertical pole or a horizontal one.
The top-most stripe on the horizontal version of the flag normally faces to the left.
