Welcome to the I Can't Sleep Podcast,
Where I help you drift off one fact at a time.
I'm your host Benjamin Boster and today's episode is about golf.
Golf,
Unlike most ball games,
Cannot and does not use a standardized playing area,
And coping with the varied terrains encountered on different courses is a key part of the game.
Courses typically have either 9 or 18 holes,
Regions of terrain that each contain a cup,
The hole that receives the ball.
Each hole on a course has a teeing ground for the hole's first stroke and a putting green containing the copy.
There are several standard forms of terrain between the tea and the green,
Such as the fairway,
Rough,
Tall grass,
And various hazards that may be water,
Rocks,
Or sand-filled bunkers.
Each hole on a course is unique in its specific layout.
Many golf courses are designed to resemble their native landscape,
Such as along a seacoast,
Where the course is called a lynx,
Within a forest,
Among rolling hills,
Or part of a desert.
Golf is played for the lowest number of strokes by an individual,
Known as stroke play,
Or the lowest score on the most individual holes in a complete round by an individual or team,
Known as match play.
Stroke play is the most commonly seen format at all levels,
Especially at the elite level.
The modern game of golf originated in 15th century Scotland.
The 18-hole round was created at the Old Course at St Andrews in 1764.
Golf's first major,
And the world's oldest golf tournament,
Is the Open Championship,
Also known as The Open,
Which was first played in 1860 at Prestwick Golf Club on Ayrshire,
Scotland.
This is one of the four major championships in men's professional golf,
The other three being played in the United States,
The Masters,
The U.
S.
Open,
And the PGA Championship.
While the modern game of golf originated in the 15th century Scotland,
The game's ancient origins are unclear and much debated.
Some historians trace this sport back to the Roman game of Paganica,
In which participants used a bent stick to hit a stuffed leather ball.
Others cite Chuiyuan as the progenitor,
A Chinese game played between the 8th and 14th centuries.
Another early game that resembled modern golf was known as Kambuka in England and Chambo in France.
The modern game originated in Scotland,
Where the first written record of golf is James II's banning of the game in 1457 as an unwelcome distraction to learning archery.
James IV lifted the ban in 1502 when he became a golfer himself,
With golf clubs first recorded in 1503-1504.
In 1764,
The standard 18-hole golf course was created at St.
Andrews,
When members modified the course from 22 to 18 holes.
The world's oldest golf tournament in existence,
And golf's first major,
Is the Open Championship,
Which was first played on October 17,
1860 at Prestwick Golf Club in Ayrshire,
Scotland,
With Scottish golfers winning the earliest majors.
A golf course consists of either 9 or 18 holes,
Each with a teeing ground or tee box that is set off by two markers,
Showing the bounds of the legal tee area,
Fairway,
Rough,
And other hazards,
And the putting green surrounded by the fringe with the pin,
Normally a flagstick,
And cup.
The levels of grass are varied to increase difficulty or to allow for putting in the case of the green.
While many holes are designed with a direct line of sight from the teeing area to the green,
Some holes may bend either to the left or to the right.
This is commonly called a dog leg in reference to a dog's knee.
The hole is called a dogleg left if the hole angles leftwards,
And dogleg right if it bends right.
Sometimes a hole's direction may bend twice.
This is called a double dogleg.
Early Scottish golf courses were primarily laid out on lynxland,
Soil-covered sand dunes directly inland from beaches.
The word lynx derives from the Scots language and the Old English word lynch,
Rising ground,
Ridge.
Traditionally,
These are coastal sand dunes,
But sometimes open parklands.
This gave rise to the term golf links,
Particularly applied to seaside courses and those built on naturally sandy soil inland.
Every round of golf is based on playing a number of holes in a given order.
A round typically consists of 18 holes that are played in the order determined by the course layout.
Each hole is played once in the round on a standard course of 18 holes.
The game can be played by any number of people,
Although a typical group will have one to four people playing the round.
The typical amount of time required for pace of play is about 2 hours for a 9-hole round and 4 hours for an 18-hole round.
Playing a hole on a golf course is initiated by putting a ball into play by striking it with a club on the teeing ground,
Also called the tee box or simply the tee.
For the first shot on each hole,
It is allowed,
But not required for the golfer to place the ball on a tee prior to striking it.
A tee is a small peg that can be used to elevate the ball slightly above the ground,
Up to a few centimeters high.
Tees are commonly made of wood,
But may be constructed of any material,
Including plastic.
Traditionally,
Golfers used mounds of sand to elevate the ball,
And containers of sand were provided for the purpose.
A few courses still require sand to be used instead of peg tees to reduce litter and reduce damage to the teeing ground.
Tees help reduce the interference of the ground or grass on the movement of the club,
Making the ball easier to hit by elevating the ball from the playing surface.
When the initial shot on a hole is intended to move the ball a long distance,
Typically more than 225 yards or 210 meters,
The shot is commonly called a drive and is generally made with a long shafted large headed wood club called a driver.
Shorter holes may be initiated with other clubs,
Such as higher numbered woods or irons.
Once the ball comes to rest,
The golfer strikes it again as many times as necessary,
Using shots that are variously known as a layup,
An approach,
A pitch,
Or a chip,
Until the ball reaches the green,
Where the golfer then putts the ball into the hole,
Commonly called sinking the putt,
Or holing it.
The goal of getting the ball into the hole,
Hole in the ball,
In as few strokes as possible,
May be impeded by obstacles,
Such as areas of longer grass,
Called rough,
Usually found alongside fairways,
Which both slows any ball that contacts it and makes it harder to advance a ball that has stopped on it.
Dog legs,
Which are changes in the direction the fairway that often require shorter shots to play around them,
Bunkers or sand traps,
And water hazards such as ponds or streams.
In stroke play competitions,
Each player must play their ball until it is hold,
Recording the number of strokes made.
Conversely,
In match play,
Once a player has equaled the number of strokes their opponents took to complete the hole,
It is acceptable for them to concede the hole and pick up their ball.
It is also acceptable in formal stroke play to surrender the hole after hitting three strokes more than the par rating of the hole,
While technically a violation of Rule 3-2.
This practice speeds play as a courtesy to others and avoids runaways' scores and excessive frustration.
Alternatively,
In competition,
A committee may designate a maximum score possible for a hole for the same reasons,
While formalizing the surrender or pickup rule.
Golf clubs are used to hit a golf ball.
Each club is composed of a shaft with a lance or grip on the top end and a club head on the bottom.
Long clubs,
Which have a lower degree of loft,
Are those meant to propel the ball a comparatively longer distance.
And short clubs,
A higher degree of loft,
And a comparatively shorter distance.
The actual physical length of each club is longer or shorter,
Depending on the distance the club is intended to propel the ball.
Golf clubs have traditionally been arranged into three basic types.
Woods are large-headed,
Long-shafted clubs meant to propel the ball a long distance from relatively open lies,
Such as the teeing ground and fairway.
Of particular importance is the driver or one wood,
Which is the lowest lofted wood club and in modern times has become highly specialized for making extremely long distance tee shots up to 300 yards or 270 meters or more in a professional golfer's hands.
Traditionally these clubs had heads made of a hardwood,
Hence the name.
But virtually all modern woods are now made of metal,
Such as titanium,
Or of composite metals.
Irons are shorter shafted clubs with a metal head,
Primarily consisting of a flat angled striking face.
Traditionally,
The club head was forged from iron.
Modern iron club heads are investment casts from a steel alloy.
Irons of varying loft are used for a variety of shots,
From virtually anywhere on the course,
But most often the shorter distance shots approaching the green,
Or to get the ball out of tricky lies such as sand traps.
The third class is the putter,
Which evolved from the irons to create a low lofted balanced club designed to roll the ball along the green and into the hole.
Putters are virtually always used on the green or in the surrounding rough fringe.
A fourth class,
Called hybrids,
Evolved as a cross between woods and irons,
And are typically seen replacing the low lofted irons with a club that provides similar distance,
But a higher launch angle and a more forgiving nature.
The golf swing is outwardly similar to many other motions involving swinging a tool or playing implement,
Such as an axe or a baseball bat.
However,
Unlike many of these motions,
The result of the swing is highly dependent on several sub-motions being properly aligned and timed.
Stance refers to how the golfer positions themselves in order to play a stroke.
It is fundamentally important in being able to play a stroke effectively.
The stance adopted is determined by what stroke is being played.
All stances involve a slight crouch.
This allows for a more efficient striking posture,
Whilst also isometrically preloading the muscles of the legs and core.
This allows this stroke to be played more dynamically and with a greater level of overall control.
When adopting their stance,
Golfers start with the non-dominant side of the body facing the target.
Setting the stands in regard to the position of the ball and placing the club head behind the ball is known as being at address.
When in this position,
The player's body and the center line of the club face are positioned parallel to the desired line of travel,
With the feet either perpendicular to that line or slightly splayed outward.
The feet are commonly shoulder width apart for middle irons and putters,
Narrower for short irons,
And wider for long irons and woods.
The ball is typically positioned more to the front of the player's stands,
Or lower lofted clubs,
With the usual ball position for a drive being just behind the arch of the leading foot.
The ball is placed further back in the player's hands as the loft of the club to be used increases.
The golfer chooses a golf club,
Grip,
And stroke approach to the distance.
The drive or full swing is used on the teeing ground and fairway,
Typically with a wood or long iron,
To produce the maximum distance capable with the club.
In the extreme,
The wind-up can end with the shaft of the club parallel to the ground above the player's shoulders.
The approach,
Or three-quarter swing,
Is used in medium and long distance situations where an exact distance and good accuracy is preferable to maximum possible distance,
Such as to place the ball on the green or lay up in front of a hazard.
The chip or half swing is used for relatively short distance shots near the green with high lofted irons and wedges.
The goal of the chip is to land the ball safely on the green,
Allowing it to roll out towards the hole.
The putt is used in short distance shots on or near the green,
Typically made with the eponymous putter,
Although similar strokes can be made with medium to high numbered irons to carry a short distance in the air and then roll,
A bump and run.
The backswing and follow-through of the putt are both abbreviated compared to other strokes,
With the head of the club rarely rising above the knee.
The goal of the putt is usually to put the ball in the hole,
Although a long distance putt may be called a lag,
And is made with the primary intention of simply closing distance to the hole,
Or otherwise placing the ball advantageously.
Having chosen a club and stroke to produce the desired distance,
The player addresses the ball by taking their stance to the side of it and grounding the club behind the ball.
The golfer then takes their backswing,
Rotating the club,
Their arms and their upper body away from the ball,
And then begins their swing,
Bringing the club head back down and around to hit the ball.
The general goal of a player making a full swing is to propel the clubhead as fast as possible,
While maintaining a single plane of motion of the club and clubhead,
To send the clubhead into the ball along the desired path of travel,
And with the clubhead also pointing that direction.
Accuracy and consistency are typically stressed over pure distance.
Putting is considered to be the most important component of the game of golf.
As the game of golf has evolved,
There have been many different putting techniques and grips that have been devised to give golfers the best chance to make putts.
Other notable putting styles include the claw,
A style that has the grip directly in between the thumb and index finger of the dominant hand,
While the palm faces the target.
A hole is classified by its par,
Which gives an indication of the number of strokes a skilled golfer may be expected to need to complete play of the hole.
The primary factor for classifying the par of a relatively straight,
Hazard-free hole is the distance from the tee to the green,
And calculates the number of strokes a skilled golfer is expected to require to reach the green with an additional allowance of two putts.
18-hole courses typically total to an overall par score of 70 to 72 for a complete round,
With most holes having a par of 4,
And a smaller number of par 3 and par 5 holes.
The goal is to play as few strokes per round as possible.
The golfer's number of strokes in a hole,
Course,
Or tournament is compared to its respective par score,
And is then reported either as the number that the golfer was under or over par,
Or if it was equal to par.
Two players,
Or two teams,
Play each other as a separate contest against each other in what is called match play.
The party with the lower score wins that hole,
Or if the scores of both players or teams are equal,
The hole is halved or tied.
The game is won by the party that wins more holes than the other.
The score achieved for each and every hole of the round or tournament is added to produce the total score,
And the player with the lowest score wins in stroke play.
Stroke Play is the game most commonly played by professional golfers.
A handicap is a numerical measure of a golfer's potential scoring ability over 18 holes.
It is used to enable players of widely varying abilities to compete against one another.
Better players are those with the lowest handicaps,
And someone with a handicap of 10 or less is often referred to as a scratch golfer.
Handicap systems vary throughout the world and use different methods to assess courses and calculate handicaps.
Golf courses are assessed and rated according to the average good score of a scratch golfer,
Taking into account a multitude of factors affecting play,
Such as length,
Obstacles,
Undulations,
Etc.
A player's handicap gives an indication of the number of strokes above this course rating that the player will make over the course of an average best round of golf,
I.
E.
,
Scoring near their potential,
Above average.
Lower handicapped players are generally the most consistent,
So can be expected to play to this standard or better,
More often than higher handicappers.
The majority of professional golfers work as club or teaching professionals,
Pros,
And only compete in local competitions.
A small elite of professional golfers are tournament pros who compete full-time on international tours.
Many club and teaching professionals working in the golf industry start as caddies,
Or with a general interest in the game,
Finding employment at golf courses,
And eventually moving on to certifications in their chosen profession.
These programs include independent institutions and universities,
And those that eventually lead to a Class A golf professional certification.
Touring professionals typically start as amateur players who attain their pro status after success in major tournaments that win them either prize money and or notice from corporate sponsors.
Jack Nicklaus,
For example,
Gained widespread notice by finishing second in the 1960 U.
S.
Open to champion Arnold Palmer with a 72-hole score of 282,
The best score to date in that tournament by an amateur.
He played one more amateur year in 1961,
Winning that year's U.
S.
Amateur before turning pro in 1962.
There are at least 20 professional golf tours,
Each run by a professional golfer association or an independent tour organization,
Which is responsible for arranging events,
Finding sponsors,
And regulating the tour.
Typically,
A tour has members who are entitled to compete in most of its events,
And also invites non-members to compete in some of them.
Gaining membership of an elite tour is highly competitive,
And most professional golfers never achieve it.
Perhaps the most widely known tour is the PGA Tour,
Which tends to attract the strongest fields outside the four majors and the four World Golf Championships events.
The European Tour,
Which attracts a substantial number of top golfers from outside North America,
Ranks second to the PGA Tour in worldwide prestige.
The major championships are the four most prestigious men's tournaments of the year.
In chronological order,
They are the Masters,
The PGA Championship,
The U.
S.
Open,
And the Open Championship,
Referred to in North America as the British Open.
The fields for these events include the top several dozen golfers from all over the world.
The Masters has been played at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta,
Georgia since its inception in 1934.
It is the only major championship that is played at the same course each year.
The U.
S.
Open and PGA Championship are played at courses around the United States,
While the Open Championship is played at courses around the United Kingdom.
